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Year 12 Biology > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

biodiversity

A

a measure of the variation found in the living world

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2
Q

habitat

A

where an organism lives

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3
Q

species

A

a group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

what biodiversity measures

A

all the different plant, animal, fungus and other microorganisms worldwide, genes they contain and ecosystems they form

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5
Q

habitat biodiversity

A

the range of habitats in which different species live

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6
Q

a species consists of

A

individual organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics that can interbreed freely to produce fertile offspring

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7
Q

species richness

A

the number of plant species

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8
Q

species evenness

A

the degree to which the species are represented

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9
Q

genetic biodiversity

A

the variation between individuals belonging to the same species- ensures we don’t all look identical

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10
Q

techniques for sampling plants

A

quadrats, quandrants, point frame, line transect, interrupted/continuous belt transect

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11
Q

techniques for sampling animals

A

observation, sweep netting, sheet under tree, pitfall trap, Tullgren funnel, light trap, Longworth trap, mark and recapture, ringing birds

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12
Q

simpsons index of diversity

A

a measure of the diversity of a habitat taking into account both species richness and evenness

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13
Q

calculating genetic diversity involves

A

calculating the proportion of loci (positions on a gene) in the population that have more than one allele

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14
Q

genetic diversity increases when

A

there is more than 2 alleles at a locus

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15
Q

genetic erosion

A

when an already limited gene pool of an endangered species diminishes even more when individuals of the population die before being able to breed with others in the population

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16
Q

human population growth has had effects on our environment as we…

A

alter ecosystems for food, destroy habitats, use more of Earths resources, pollute the atmosphere

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17
Q

reduced genetic diversity through agriculture means…

A

the species has less capacity to adapt to changing conditions through evolution, may leave isolated populations too small to survive

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18
Q

selective breeding causes

A

genetic erosion and reduces genetic diversity of the species

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19
Q

effect of genetic diversity due to climate change

A

less genetic diversity -> less able to adapt to changes –> slow migration of populations towards poles

20
Q

obstructions to migration

A

major human developments, agricultural land, large bodies of water, mountain ranges

21
Q

mass-extinction due to

A

human activity rather than natural climate change/disaster

22
Q

current rate of extinction

A

100-1000 times the normal rate

23
Q

climate change

A

significant, long-lasting changes in weather patterns

24
Q

keystone species

A

a species that has disproportionate effect on its environment

25
Q

intra-specific competition

A

animals within a species competing for limited resources

26
Q

inter-specific competition

A

competition between different species for resources

27
Q

parasitic relationships

A

where one organism lives off another organism

28
Q

mutualistic relationships

A

when two different species work together in a way beneficial to both

29
Q

conservation in situ

A

conserving species in their natural habitat

30
Q

aims of conservation in situ

A

minimise human impact on natural environment, protect natural environment

31
Q

advantages of in situ

A

permanently protects representative/significant plants/animals/ecosystems/heritage, ensures ecological integrity is maintained, facilitates scientific research, opportunities for sustainable land uses

32
Q

disadvantages of in situ

A

may already lost much genetic diversity, conditions caused endangerment still present, act as ‘honeypot’ for poachers/ecotourists

33
Q

conservation ex situ

A

conservation outside the normal habitat of the species

34
Q

advantages of ex situ

A

medical assistance, increase genetic diversity by selective breeding, avoid huge effects of natural disasters on pop, more reproductive success

35
Q

disadvantages of ex situ

A

limited genetic diversity, exposure to disease, struggle with reintroduction, loss of seed viability, behavioural abnormalities

36
Q

convention on international trade in endangered species (CITES)

A

an international agreement between governments to ensure trade of wildlife specimens doesn’t pose threat to their survival

37
Q

countryside stewardship scheme

A

to encourage farmers/land owners to manage parts of their land that promotes conservation

38
Q

aims of CITES

A

monitor international trade in selected animals/plants, ensure trade doesn’t endanger survival of populations in wild, allow trade of artificially propagated plants, prohibit trade of wild plants for commercial uses, allow for legal trade of less endangered species

39
Q

Rio Convention on Biological Diversity

A

promote sustainable development and importance of how biological diversity is about people/their need for sources of food/healthy living environ

40
Q

aims of rio convention

A

ensure genetic resources are appropriately shared and equal sharing of benefits from these, using components sustainably, conservation of biological diversity, sharing of scientific knowledge/technologies

41
Q

international cooperation of zoos, botanic gardens, seed banks

A

share research/genetic information, specialised breeding programmes, imported animals, reintroduction needs cooperation from origin, seed banks have partner projects worldwide

42
Q

genetic diversity

A

the genetic variation within a population

43
Q

kick sampling

A

net held underwater at the bottom of a stream/pond, bed is agitated by kicking to collect animals

44
Q

pitfall trap

A

set below ground so small invertebrates fall in

45
Q

why a population may have low genetic diversity

A

a small number of individuals or rare species

Year 12 Biology (15 decks)

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