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Year 12 Biology > 2.1.2 Biological Molecules > Flashcards

2.1.2 Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Biological molecules in a healthy diet

A 
Carbohydrates 
Glucose
Protein
Water
Fibre
Iron
Fats and oils (lipids)
Vitamins and minerals
Nucleic acids
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2
Q

Carbohydrates are needed for…

A

Energy storage and supply, structure

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3
Q

Proteins are needed for…

A

Structure, transport, enzymes, antibodies, most hormones

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4
Q

Lipids are needed for…

A

Membranes, energy supply, thermal insulation, protective layers/padding, electrical insulation in neurones, some hormones

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5
Q

Vitamins and minerals are needed for…

A

Forming parts of larger molecules, take part in metabolic reactions, coenzymes or enzyme activators

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6
Q

Nucleic acids are needed as…

A

Information molecules that carry instructions for life

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7
Q

Water is needed to…

A

Take part in many reactions, support in plants, solvent/medium for most metabolic reactions, transport

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8
Q

Elements in biological molecules

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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9
Q

Metabolism

A

Rate of chemical reactions in your body that breaks down (catabolic) and builds up (anabolic) molecules

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10
Q

Monomers

A

Single molecules e.g. Amino acids

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11
Q

Dimer

A

Two monomers joined together

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12
Q

Polymer

A

More than 2 monomers joined together

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13
Q

Carbohydrates monomers and polymers are called..

A

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Polysaccharides

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14
Q

Proteins monomers and polymers are called..

A

Amino acids

Polypeptides and proteins

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15
Q

Nucleic acids monomers and polymers are called ..

A

Nucleotides

DNA and RNA

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16
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Chemical reaction that links biological monomers together with a covalent bond

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17
Q

Process of a condensation reaction

A

A water molecule is released
A new covalent bond is formed
A larger molecule is formed by the binding together of smaller molecules

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18
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Splitting larger molecules into molecules

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19
Q

Process of a hydrolysis reaction

A

Water molecule is used
Covalent bond is broken
Smaller molecule is formed by splitting a larger molecule

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20
Q

Elements of carbohydrates

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen C6H12O6
Make up 10% of the organic matter of a cell

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21
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A 
Energy source (glucose)
Energy store (starch and glycogen)
Structure (cellulose in plants, chitin in insects- held by exoskeleton)
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22
Q

For every carbon present in a carbohydrate….

A

The equivalent of a water molecule is also present

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23
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Monomers of carbs

Contain between 3-6 carbon atoms

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24
Q

Properties of monosaccharides

A

Soluble in water
Sweet tasting
Form crystals

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25
Triose sugars
3 carbon monosaccharides
26
Pentose sugars
5 carbon monosaccharides | E.g. Ribose C5H10O5
27
Hexose sugars
6 carbon monosaccharides Most common Glucose and fructose
28
Isomers
Different shaped forms of the same molecule
29
Ribose
C5H10O5 Component of ribonucleic acid (RNA), ATP and NAD Pentose sugar monosaccharide (like glucose)
30
Disaccharides
The joining of two monosaccharides | A new covalent bond, glycosidic bond forms and water is eliminated
31
Examples of polysaccharides
``` Starch Glucose Cellulose Amylose Amylopectin ```
32
Forming polysaccharides
Involves the making of glycosidic bonds | They are still sugars
33
Benedicts test
Test for reducing sugars
34
General formula for a carbohydrate
(CH2O)n
35
qualititative tests
indicate only the type of molecule present, not how much is present
36
polysaccharides as energy stores
glycogen in animals, starch in plants (amylose and amylopectin)
37
similarities of starch and glycogen
energy stores, bonded by thousands of alpha molecules, glucose molecules in chains can be easily 'broken off', insoluble
38
exoskeletons
polysaccharide chitin forms it in insects
39
bacterial cell walls
polysaccharide peptigoglycan is the basis of cell walls found around most bacterial cells
40
uses of proteins
``` growth and repair enzymes hormones amino acids (monomer) polypeptides build muscle meat antibodies ribosomes (protein synthesis) carrier proteins eg. active transport, facilitated diffusion ```
41
proteins
a diverse group of large and complex polymer molecules, made up of long chains of amino acids
42
biological roles of proteins
structural: main component of body tissues catalytic: all enzymes are proteins, catalysing many biochemical reactions signalling: many hormones and receptors immunological: all antibodies
43
R group in amino acids
represents a side chain from the central alpha carbon atom | effects the types of bonds in tertiary structure
44
peptide bonds
link two amino acids together to form a dipeptide in a condensation reaction
45
polypeptide chains
when more amino acids are added to a dipeptide
46
protease enzymes
breaking down proteins and polypeptides by formation and breakage of peptide bonds is catalysed by these enzymes
47
bonds in tertiary structure of protein
disulphide: between cysteine aa, strongest hydrogen: all levels hydrophobic: between non-polar sections hydrophillic: outside in globular proteins ionic: sometimes carry a charge, form where oppositely charged aa are close to each other
48
Quaternary structure
Refers to the fact that some proteins are made up of more than one polypeptide subunit joined together or a polypeptide and an inorganic component
49
Lipids
A diverse group of chemicals that dissolve in organic solvents (alcohol) but not in water
50
Role of hydrogen bonds in water
Network of bonds allows molecules to move around, continually breaking/making bonds. When water solid, bonds hold structure in semi-crystalline form that is less dense. Also restrict movement of water molecules in liquid water
51
Why water molecules move less at lower temperature
Reduced kinetic energy and more hydrogen bonds form but don't break so easily
52
Cohesion
Property of water molecules sticking to each other when hydrogen bonds pull water molecules to surface
53
Why water is an ideal transport medium in living organisms
Remains liquids over a large temperature range and can act as a solvent for many chemicals
54
what type of group is the haem group
prosthetic group
55
which parts of amino acids are involved in peptide bonds
amino group on one amino acid and carboxyl group on the other
56
OH
hydroxyl group (needed in condensation/hydrolysis reactions)
57
how glycosidic bonds between 2 monosaccharides are formed
condensation reaction | in maltose, bonds forms between carbon 1 on the first alpha glucose and carbon 4 so it is an alpha1-4 glycosidic bond
58
breakdown of glycosidic bonds
hydrolysis reaction and molecule of water is added to break the bond
59
why is haemoglobin a conjugated protein
it contains a prosthetic group- haem group is not essential and contains an iron ion
60
how to test for reducing sugars commercially
test strips dipped into solution and compared to a chart indicating how much glucose present (often for urine from diabetic patients)

Year 12 Biology (15 decks)

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