Biological Molecules Key Words Flashcards
maltose
a disaccharide molecule consisting of 2 alpha glucose molecules bonded together
cellulose
a carbohydrate polymer beta glucose that forms plant cell walls
beta glucose
a form of glucose where the OH at C1 is above the plane of the ring
condensation reaction
when 2 molecules are joined together by a covalent bond to form a larger molecule
haemoglobin
the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells
starch
a polysaccharide found in plant cells
amylose
part of a starch molecule consisting of thousands of glucose residues bonded
fibrous proteins
protein with a long, thin structure that’s insoluble in water and metabolically inactive
alpha glucose
form of glucose where the OH at C1 is below the plane of the ring
hexose sugars
6 carbon monosaccharides
macrofibrils
mirofibrils held together by more hydrogen bonds to form bundles
polymer
a large molecule made up of many similar smaller molecules (monomers) covalently bonded
globular proteins
proteins with relatively spherical molecules and soluble in water
collagen
a structural fibrous protein found in connective tissues
glycine
simplest naturally occurring amino acid
disulphide bonds
a single covalent bond between one sulphur atom to 2 amino acids called cysteine
protease enzymes
digests proteins
beta pleated sheet
a secondary structure found in proteins in which hydrogen bonds are formed between 2 polypeptide chains
saturated
a fatty acid is saturated if all possible bonds are made with hydrogen in a hydrocarbon chain
genetic code
the sequence of nucleotide bases on a gene with instructions for construction of a polypeptide or protein
which bonds to unsaturated fatty acids have
C=C (double carbon bonds) so fewer hydrogen atoms can be bonded
mono-unsaturated fatty acid
a single C=C double bond
polyunsaturated fatty acid
2 or more C=C double bonds
introducing C=C double bonds…
changes the shape of the hydrocarbon change, makes molecules in a liquid push apart so make them more fluid
lipids containing many unsaturated fatty acids are often
oils
lipids with mainly saturated fatty acids are
fats
fatty acids structure
acid group + hydrocarbon chain, 2-20 carbons long (most commonly 18)
why are fatty acids essential
as with some amino acids, animals cannot make some of the fatty acids they need so must be taken in complete
why are triglycerides not polymers
they are made up of many different fatty acid molecules (very different monomers)
why do organisms need phospholipids in colder climates
organisms in colder climates have an increased number of unsaturated fatty acids in their phospholipid molecules to ensure the membranes remain fluid
how lipids are used in respiration to make ATP
hydrolysis of ester bond, glycerol and fatty acids broken down completely to CO2 and H2O, energy is released which is used to generate ATP
the respiration of 1g of lipid gives out…
twice as much energy as respiration of 1g of carbohydrate