Biological Membranes Flashcards

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1
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Theory of cell membrane structure with proteins embedded in the sea of phospholipids

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2
Q

Glycolipid

A

Lipid/phospholipid with a chain of carbohydrate molecules attached

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3
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Protein with a chain of carbohydrate molecules attached

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4
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Cell surface membrane

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5
Q

osmosis

A

water moves from high water potential to low water potential down a water potential gradient through a partially permeable membrane

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6
Q

features of osmosis

A
the more concentration, the more solute so the more water molecules tied therefore, there are less water molecules free to take part in osmosis
passive process (requires no energy)
partially permeable 
water potential gradient
equilibrium
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7
Q

hypotonic solution

A

a dilute solution with not many solutes

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8
Q

hypertonic solution

A

concentrated solution with many solutes

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9
Q

isotonic solution

A

equal concentration of solutes and water

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10
Q

cytolysis

A

in animal cells, if a lot water molecules enter, the cell will swell and burst as the plasma membrane breaks

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11
Q

turgid

A

in plant cells, the rigid and strong cellulose wall will prevent bursting. the cell will swell up to a certain size when its contents push against the cell wall which will resist any further swelling. turgidity of plant cells help support plants especially those that aren’t woody

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12
Q

crenated

A

when animal cells shrivel

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13
Q

plasmolysed

A

when the cytoplasm of plant cells shrink and the membrane pulls away from the cellulose wall, they suffer a degree of dehydration and their metabolism can’t proceed as enzyme-catalysed reactions need to be in solution

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14
Q

flaccid

A

plant tissue with plasmolysed cells

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15
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration of that molecule to an area of low concentration (may/may not be across a membrane, doesn’t need ATP)

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16
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

movement of molecules from high concentration to an area of low concentration across a partially permeable membrane via channel proteins (doesn’t involve ATP)

17
Q

water potential

A

measure of the tendency of water molecules to diffuse from one region to another

18
Q

active transport

A

the movement of substances against their concentration gradient (from low to high concentration) across a cell membrane using ATP and carrier proteins

19
Q

endocytosis

A

bulk transport of molecules too large to pass through a cell membrane into a cell, an active process via vesicles that ‘fuse’ with the cell using ATP

20
Q

exocytosis

A

bulk transport of molecules too large to pass through a cell membrane out of a cell, an active process via vesicles that are ‘pinched off’ using ATP

21
Q

what is active transport affected by

A

low temperature and lack of carbon dioxide

22
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

the mechanism in active transport of moving sodium and potassium ions across the membrane

23
Q

bulk transport

A

some cells need to transport large molecules and particles that are too large to pass in and out the plasma membrane so they move via vesicles in endocytosis and exocytosis

24
Q

All proteins in the plasma membrane

A
Transmembrane
Carrier
Peripheral
Channel
Glycoproteins
25
Q

Other parts to plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Carbohydrate molecules
Cholesterol

26
Q

In high water potential, cells can become

A

Cytolysed (animal)

Turgid (plant)

27
Q

In low water potential, cells can become

A

Crenated (animal)

Plasmolysed (plant)

28
Q

Does high water potential have high or low pressure

A

Low

29
Q

Does low water potential have high or low pressure

A

High

30
Q

function of phospholipids

A

control what enters/exits cell

31
Q

function of integral (inside membrane) proteins

A

transport molecules in/out of cell

32
Q

function of glycolipids/glycoproteins

A

cell recognition, cell signalling, receptors

33
Q

function of peripheral (outside membrane) proteins

A

enzymes

34
Q

function of cholesterol

A

maintains stability and fluidity of the cell by preventing it becoming too stiff when temperature is too high/low

35
Q

glycocalyx

A

chain of carbohydrate molecules

36
Q

function of glycocalyx

A

very hydrophilic on the outside, attracting water with dissolved solutes, helping the cell to interact with its watery environment and obtain dissolved substances

37
Q

hydrophilic…

A

head

38
Q

hydrophobic…

A

tail

39
Q

betalain

A

red pigment that leaks out of beetroot when temp increases and membrane becomes more permeable