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Year 12 Biology > Cell Cycle, Mitosis & Meiosis > Flashcards

Cell Cycle, Mitosis & Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasmic division following nuclear division resulting in 2 new daughter cells

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2
Q

interphase

A

phase of cell cycle where the cell is not dividing; it is subdivided into growth and synthesis phases

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3
Q

mitosis

A

type of nuclear division that produces daughter cells genetically identical to each other and the parent cell

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4
Q

chromatids

A

replicates of chromosomes

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5
Q

haploid

A

having only 1 set of chromosomes

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6
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

matching chromosomes containing the same genes at the same places (loci)- may contain different alleles

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7
Q

meiosis

A

type of nuclear division that results in the formation of cells containing half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

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8
Q

differentiation

A

process by which stem cells become specialised into different types of cell

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9
Q

epithelial cells

A

cells that constitute lining tissue

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10
Q

erythrocyte

A

red blood cell

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11
Q

neutrophil

A

type of white blood cell that is phagocytic

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12
Q

stem cell

A

unspecialised cell able to express all its genes and divide by mitosis

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13
Q

genome

A

genetic material within an individual

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14
Q

gene pool

A

all the genetic material within a population

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15
Q

guard cells

A

in leaf epidermis, cells that surround stomata

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16
Q

palisade cells

A

closely-packed photosynthetic cells within leaves

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17
Q

root-hair cells

A

epidermal cells of young roots with long hair-like projections

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18
Q

tissues

A

group of cells that work together to perform a specific function

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19
Q

meristem

A

area of unspecialised cells within a plant that can divide and differentiate into other cell types

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20
Q

organ

A

collection of tissues working together to perform a function

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21
Q

phloem

A

tissue that carries products of photosynthesis in solution within plants

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22
Q

xylem

A

tissues that carries water and mineral ions from the roots to all parts of the plant

23
Q

organ system

A

a number of organs working together to carry out an overall life function

24
Q

why do cells divide

A

for growth and repair

25
Q

which cells undergo division in the body and when

A

skin cells- replacement and repair

epithelial cells- mouth and lining of stomach

26
Q

purpose of controlled sequence of cell division with checkpoints

A

prevent uncontrolled division leading to tumours
detect and repair damage to DNA
ensure DNA isn’t reversed and only replicated once

27
Q

5 phases of the cell cycle

A 
M phase
G0 phase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
28
Q

function of mitosis (M phase)

A

asexual reproduction, growth, tissue repair

29
Q

structure of chromosomes

A

made of DNA, protein and small amount of RNA, very large molecule, coiled, 4 chromatids and 1 centromere

30
Q

types of protein involved

A

histone
scaffold
polymerases

31
Q

histone proteins

A

large number of positive amino acids that bind to phosphate group of DNA so stabilise structure

32
Q

polymerases

A

enzyme transcription + DNA replication prior to divisions of chromosomes

33
Q

process of cytokinesis

A

after mitosis, cell splits into 2 and each new cell contains a nucleus

34
Q

animal cells in cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm ‘nips in’ due to membrane folding inwards

35
Q

plant cells in cytokinesis

A

end plate forms where spindle equator of the cell was situated, new cellulose and membrane are laid down along the cell plate

36
Q

number of divisions in meiosis

A

2

37
Q

stages in divisions of meiosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

38
Q

fusion of the nuclei of gametes form

A

a zygote

39
Q

a diploid zygote is formed by

A

fertilisation

40
Q

gametes are produced in

A

the ovaries or testes

41
Q

phases of interphase

A

G1, S, G2

42
Q

why is the synthesis phase rapid

A

exposed DNA base pairs are more susceptible to mutagenic agents so reduces chances of spontaneous mutations

43
Q

what is tubulin

A

a cytoskeleton protein

44
Q

structure of the spindle

A

3D structure
lines of latitude on a globe
in plant cells they form from cytoplasm

45
Q

why are chromatids of each chromosome no longer identical in prophase 2

A

crossing over in prophase 1

46
Q

4 main tissues in animal body

A

epithelial
connective tissues
muscle tissues
nervous tissues

47
Q

epithelial

A

lining tissue

48
Q

connective tissues

A

hold structures together & provide support e.g. blood,bone,cartilage

49
Q

muscle tissues

A

made of cells that are specialised to contract & cause movement

50
Q

nervous tissues

A

made of cells specialised to conduct electrical impulses

51
Q

pluripotent

A

refer to stem cells- capable of giving rise to several different cell types

52
Q

examples of differentiating cells in animals

A

erythrocytes
neutrophils
from stem cells in bone marrow

53
Q

examples of differentiating cells in plants

A

xylem tissue

phloem tissue from meristem cells (like cambium)

Year 12 Biology (15 decks)

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