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Year 12 Biology > Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

pathogen

A

a microorganism that causes disease

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2
Q

direct transmission

A

passing a pathogen from host to new host with no intermediary

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3
Q

transmission

A

passing a pathogen from an infected individual to an uninfected individual

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4
Q

indirect transmission

A

passing a pathogen from host to new host via a vector

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5
Q

vector

A

an organism that carries a pathogen from one host to another

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6
Q

callose

A

a large polysaccharide deposit that blocks old phloem sieve tubes

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7
Q

inflammation

A

swelling and redness of tissue caused by infection

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8
Q

mucous membrane

A

specialised epithelial tissue that is covered by mucus

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9
Q

primary defences

A

those that prevent pathogens entering the body

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10
Q

antigen-presenting cells

A

a cell that isolates the antigen from a pathogen and places it on the plasma membrane so it can be recognised by other cells in the immune system

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11
Q

clonal selection

A

selection of a specific B or T cell that is specific to the antigen

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12
Q

cytokines

A

hormone-like molecules used in cell signalling to stimulate the immune response

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13
Q

neutrophil

A

a type of white blood cell that engulfs foreign matter and traps it in a phagosome which fuses with lysosomes to digest it

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14
Q

opsonins

A

proteins that bind to the antigen on a pathogen and then allow phagocytes to bind

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15
Q

antibodies

A

specific proteins released by plasma cells that can attach to pathogenic antigens

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16
Q

B memory cells

A

remain in the blood for a long time providing long-term immunity

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17
Q

clonal expansion

A

an increase in the number of cells by mitotic cell division

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18
Q

interleukins

A

signalling molecules that are used to communicate between different white blood cells

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19
Q

plasma cells

A

derived from B lymphocytes, they manufacture antibodies

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20
Q

T helper cells

A

release signalling molecules to stimulate the immune response

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21
Q

T killer cells

A

attack and destroy our own body cells that are infected by a pathogen

22
Q

T memory cells

A

remain in the blood for a long time providing long-term immunity

23
Q

T regulator cells

A

involved with inhibiting or ending the immune response

24
Q

agglutinins

A

antibodies that cause pathogens to stick together

25
Q

anti-toxins

A

antibodies that render toxins harmless

26
Q

opsonins

A

antibodies that make it easier for phagocytes to engulf the pathogen

27
Q

primary immune response

A

the initial response caused by a first infection

28
Q

secondary immune response

A

a more rapid and vigorous response caused by a second or subsequent infection by the same pathogen

29
Q

active immunity

A

where the immune system is activated and manufactures its own antibodies

30
Q

artificial immunity

A

immunity achieved as a result of medical intervention

31
Q

epidemic

A

a rapid spread of disease through a high proportion of the population

32
Q

natural immunity

A

achieved through normal life processes

33
Q

passive immunity

A

achieved naturally by another then antibodies are passed to the individual through breast feeding or injection

34
Q

vaccination

A

a way of stimulating an immune response so immunity is achieved

35
Q

antibiotic

A

a chemical which prevents the growth of microorganisms (antibacterial or antifungal)

36
Q

personalised medicine

A

development of designer medicines for individuals

37
Q

synthetic biology

A

the re-engineering of biology- production of new molecules that mimic natural processes or use of natural molecules to produce new biological systems that do not exist in nature

38
Q

a host

A

an organism in which pathogens live, creates a good habitat but takes nutrition & damages in the process

39
Q

why do bacteria and fungi often live in vascular tissue of plants

A

have access to the plants nutrients and water to replicate around the plant

40
Q

social factors that affect direct transmission

A

overcrowding, poor ventilation/diet/health, homelessness, living/working with migrants from where disease is common

41
Q

protoctists, bacteria and fungi grow and reproduce more rapidly in…

A

warm and moist conditions, warmer climates (damaged/even killed by cool climates)

42
Q

passive defences in plants

A

defences present before infection, prevent entry and spread of pathogen

43
Q

active defences in plants

A

when pathogens attack specific chemicals in their cell walls, it can be detected by plant cells that fortify the defences

44
Q

why are most pathogens killed by the stomach

A

very acidic (pH1-2) which denatures its enzymes

45
Q

why immunity takes time to develop

A

body has to encounter the pathogen
lymphocytes must divide to form clones
B lymphocyte have to secrete enough antibodies
T cells have to be produced and destroy all infected cells
…..in which this is enough time for the pathogen to replicate and cause illness

46
Q

interferon

A

released by many cells to inhibit virus replication and stimulate T killer cells

47
Q

herd vaccination

A

using a vaccine to provide immunity to almost all population at risk- once enough immune, disease can no longer spread

48
Q

ring vaccination

A

used when a new case of disease is reported by vaccinating all people in immediate vicinity of it

49
Q

process of an epidemic

A

when pathogens undergo genetic mutations which changes their antigens so memory cell produced by vaccination won’t recognise them –> pathogen transmitted –> some unstable so regularly undergo changes –> epidemic rise

50
Q

what happens if you leave the disease area

A

no further exposure to pathogens so memory cells will die –> no immunological memory

51
Q

transmission of malaria

A

bite from an infected femal Anopheles mosquito which carries the Plasmodium vivax parasite

Year 12 Biology (15 decks)

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