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Year 12 Biology > 2.3 Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

2.3 Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

genes

A

a sequence of nucleotide bases that codes for one (or more) polypeptides

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2
Q

polypeptide

A

a larger polymer molecule made by many amino acids joined by peptide bonds

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3
Q

human genome

A

25,000 genes, most found on the linear chromosomes within the nucleus, each gene occupies a specific locus on the chromosome, DNA in chromosome associated with histone proteins

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4
Q

the genetic code

A

the sequence of nucleotide bases on a gene provides a code, with instructions for the construction of a polypeptide or protein

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5
Q

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid (DNA)

A

contains instructions on how to build proteins used in the body, found in cell nucleus, codes for individual proteins, made up from chain of sugar-phosphates and one of four bases

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6
Q

protein

A

polymer of units linked by peptide bonds, built up from 20 amino acids, created in ribosomes, perform nearly all biological functions

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7
Q

messenger RNA

A

an intermediary form that dna uses to build protein in ribosomes outside the nuclear envelope as molecules are too large to escape the nucleus

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8
Q

where are the nucleotides in transcription from

A

there are free dna nucleotides in the nucleoplasm and free rna nucleotides in the nucleolus

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9
Q

base triplet

A

a triplet of bases on a dna molecule

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10
Q

codon

A

a triplet of bases on a length of mRNA

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11
Q

anticodon

A

a triplet of bases on a tRNA molecule complementary to the mRNA codon

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12
Q

nucleotides

A

biological molecules that participate in nearly all biochemical processes

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13
Q

RNAs nucelotide pentose sugar

A

ribose

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14
Q

DNAs nucleotide pentose sugar

A

deoxyribose

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15
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

covalent bond formed between sugar residue and phosphate group in nucleotide of DNA formed when polynucleotides synthesise

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16
Q

examples of a purine (nitrogenous base)

A

adenine

guanine (2 rings)

17
Q

examples of a pyrimidine (nitrogenous base)

A

thymine

cytosine (1 ring)

18
Q

how bonds in DNA are formed

A

2 antiparallel DNA strands joined by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases

19
Q

semi-conservative replication

A

a product of 2 DNA molceules, identical to each and parent, containing 1 old strand and 1 new strand

20
Q

precipitation

A

when salty DNA becomes undissolved as it comes into contact with alcohol (DNA normally stays dissolved in water)

21
Q

in DNA what does Adenine pair with

A

Thymine

22
Q

in DNA what does Guanine pair with

A

Cytosine

23
Q

in DNA what does Thymine pair with

A

Adenine

24
Q

in DNA what does Cytosine pair with

A

Guanine

25
Q

how many hydrogen bonds between A and T

A

2

26
Q

how many hydrogen bonds between G and C

A

3

27
Q

the 5’ end

A

where the phosphate group is attached to the 5th carbon molecule on the five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)

28
Q

the 3’ end

A

where the phosphate group is attached to the 3rd atom of the sugar (deoxyribose)

29
Q

function of gyrase

A

an enzyme that catalyses the process of the double helix untwisting a bit at a time to unwind each DNA molecule

30
Q

function of helicase

A

enzyme that catalyses breaking of hydrogen bonds between the nucleotide bases to unzip DNA molecule

31
Q

double helix

A

shape of DNA molecule, due to coiling of the 2 sugar-phosphate backbone strands into a right-handed spiral configuration

32
Q

polynucleotide

A

large molecule containing many nucleotides

33
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that catalyses formation of DNA from activated deoxyribose nucleotides using single-stranded DNA as a template

34
Q

transcription

A

the process of making messenger RNA from a DNA template

35
Q

translation

A

formation of a protein(polypeptide) by assembling amino acids into a particular sequence at ribosomes-
according to the coded instructions carried from DNA by mRNA

36
Q

the starter codon of a polypeptide chain

A

AUG

37
Q

bond between 2 adjacent amino acids

A

peptide

38
Q

bond between codons and anticodons

A

hydrogen

Year 12 Biology (15 decks)

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