Transfusion Flashcards
What is the primary function of blood?
To transport oxygen
What are the four main blood components?
Red blood cells (RBCs)
What is the purpose of blood transfusion?
To restore blood volume
What is the most important blood group system?
The ABO system
What is Landsteiner’s Law?
If an agglutinogen is present on RBCs
What is the universal donor blood type?
Type O
What is the universal recipient blood type?
Type AB
What is the Rh factor?
An antigen present on RBCs; individuals are either Rh-positive (have the antigen) or Rh-negative (lack the antigen).”
What is the risk of Rh incompatibility?
Rh-negative individuals can develop antibodies against Rh-positive blood
What is the shelf life of whole blood?
42 days when stored at 1-6°C.”
What is the shelf life of platelets?
5 days when stored at 20-24°C.”
What is the shelf life of fresh frozen plasma (FFP)?
1 year when stored at -30°C or lower.”
What is the primary indication for packed RBC transfusion?
To treat anemia or acute blood loss.”
What is the primary indication for platelet transfusion?
To prevent or treat bleeding in patients with thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction.”
What is the primary indication for FFP transfusion?
To correct coagulation factor deficiencies or reverse anticoagulation.”
What is the primary indication for cryoprecipitate transfusion?
To treat hypofibrinogenemia or von Willebrand’s disease.”
What is the primary indication for granulocyte transfusion?
To treat severe neutropenia or infections in immunocompromised patients.”
What is the primary indication for albumin transfusion?
To treat hypovolemia or hypoalbuminemia.”
What is the primary indication for immunoglobulin transfusion?
To treat immunodeficiency or autoimmune disorders.”
What is the primary indication for factor concentrates transfusion?
To treat hemophilia or other clotting factor deficiencies.”
What is the most common complication of blood transfusion?
Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTR).”
What is the treatment for FNHTR?
Antipyretics and
What is the most serious complication of blood transfusion?
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction (AHTR)
What are the symptoms of AHTR?
Fever
What is the treatment for AHTR?
Stop the transfusion
What is transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO)?
A condition caused by rapid infusion of blood
What is the treatment for TACO?
Slow the transfusion rate
What is transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)?
A condition caused by donor antibodies reacting with recipient leukocytes
What are the symptoms of TRALI?
Dyspnea
What is the treatment for TRALI?
Discontinue the transfusion and provide pulmonary support.”
What is the risk of bacterial contamination in blood transfusions?
Highest in platelet products due to storage at room temperature.”
What is the treatment for bacterial contamination in blood transfusions?
Stop the transfusion
What is the risk of viral transmission in blood transfusions?
Low due to rigorous screening for HIV
What is the risk of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD)?
Rare but fatal
What is the prevention for TA-GVHD?
Irradiation of blood products to inactivate donor lymphocytes.”
What is the primary cause of delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions?
Re-exposure to non-D Rh antigens or other minor blood group antigens.”
What are the symptoms of delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions?
Fever
What is the treatment for delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions?
Usually supportive
What is the primary cause of allergic transfusion reactions?
Donor plasma proteins reacting with recipient antibodies.”
What are the symptoms of allergic transfusion reactions?
Rash
What is the treatment for allergic transfusion reactions?
Antihistamines and
What is the primary cause of hypotensive transfusion reactions?
Bradykinin release from donor plasma
What is the treatment for hypotensive transfusion reactions?
Stop the transfusion and monitor blood pressure.”
What is the primary cause of febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions?
Cytokines in donor blood or recipient antibodies reacting with donor WBCs.”
What is the treatment for febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions?
Antipyretics and
What is the primary cause of transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM)?
Donor WBCs modulating the recipient’s immune response.”
What is the risk of TRIM?
Increased risk of infection or cancer recurrence in immunocompromised patients.”
What is the primary cause of iron overload in transfusion-dependent patients?
Repeated transfusions leading to excessive iron accumulation.”
What is the treatment for iron overload?
Iron chelation therapy with agents like deferoxamine or deferasirox.”
