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Surgery > Chole > Flashcards

Chole Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is the prevalence of gallstones in developed countries?
A

10-15%.

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2
Q
  1. What are the risk factors for gallstone formation?
A

Age

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3
Q
  1. What is the role of cholesterol in gallstone formation?
A

Cholesterol hypersecretion leads to bile supersaturation and stone formation.

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4
Q
  1. What are the types of gallstones?
A

Cholesterol stones (80%) and pigment stones (black and brown).

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5
Q
  1. What are black pigment stones associated with?
A

Hemolytic disorders like sickle cell disease and cirrhosis.

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6
Q
  1. What are brown pigment stones associated with?
A

Biliary stasis and bacterial infection.

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7
Q
  1. What is the natural history of asymptomatic gallstones?
A

80% remain asymptomatic

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8
Q
  1. What are the complications of gallstone disease?
A

Acute cholecystitis

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9
Q
  1. What is the typical presentation of biliary colic?
A

Severe

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10
Q
  1. What is Murphy’s sign?
A

Inspiratory arrest during deep palpation of the RUQ

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11
Q
  1. What is the diagnostic test of choice for gallstones?
A

Abdominal ultrasound.

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12
Q
  1. What is the treatment for symptomatic gallstones?
A

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

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13
Q
  1. What is the role of ERCP in gallstone disease?
A

To diagnose and treat choledocholithiasis.

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14
Q
  1. What is the TG18 severity grading for acute cholecystitis?
A

Grade I (mild)

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15
Q
  1. What is the treatment for acute cholecystitis?
A

Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 72 hours of symptom onset.

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16
Q
  1. What is acalculous cholecystitis?
A

Acute inflammation of the gallbladder without gallstones

17
Q
  1. What is the treatment for acalculous cholecystitis?
A

Percutaneous cholecystostomy or cholecystectomy.

18
Q
  1. What is choledocholithiasis?
A

The presence of stones in the common bile duct.

19
Q
  1. What are the clinical features of choledocholithiasis?
A

Biliary colic

20
Q
  1. What is the gold standard for diagnosing choledocholithiasis?
21
Q
  1. What is the treatment for choledocholithiasis?
A

Endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone extraction

22
Q
  1. What is acute cholangitis?
A

An ascending bacterial infection of the bile ducts

23
Q
  1. What is Charcot’s triad?
24
Q
  1. What is Reynolds’ pentad?
A

Charcot’s triad plus septic shock and mental status changes

25
Q
  1. What is the treatment for acute cholangitis?
A

IV antibiotics and urgent biliary drainage (endoscopic or percutaneous).

Surgery (16 decks)

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