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Surgery > Pancreatic Ca > Flashcards

Pancreatic Ca Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is the most common type of pancreatic cancer?
A

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

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2
Q
  1. What is the rank of pancreatic cancer in terms of cancer-related deaths?
A

Third leading cause of cancer death.

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3
Q
  1. What is the 5-year survival rate for pancreatic cancer?
A

Approximately 7.2%.

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4
Q
  1. What percentage of exocrine pancreatic malignancies does PDAC account for?
A

Over 90%.

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5
Q
  1. What are the two main categories of risk factors for pancreatic cancer?
A

Lifestyle factors (e.g.

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6
Q
  1. What is the most definitively identified risk factor for pancreatic cancer?
A

Tobacco smoking

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7
Q
  1. How does smoking increase the risk of pancreatic cancer?
A

Carcinogens reach the pancreas via biliary-pancreatic reflux or the bloodstream.

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8
Q
  1. What is the relationship between diabetes and pancreatic cancer?
A

Diabetes and prediabetes are risk factors and may also be a consequence of pancreatic cancer.

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9
Q
  1. What percentage of PDAC patients have diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance at diagnosis?
A

50% to 80%.

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10
Q
  1. What are precursor lesions to pancreatic cancer called?
A

Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN).

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11
Q
  1. What are the three grades of PanIN?
A

PanIN-1 (low grade)

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12
Q
  1. What are intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs)?
A

Precursor lesions that harbor invasive adenocarcinoma in 30-40% of cases.

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13
Q
  1. Where do 60-70% of pancreatic cancers occur?
A

In the head or uncinate process of the pancreas.

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14
Q
  1. What are the symptoms of right-sided pancreatic tumors?
A

Obstructive jaundice

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15
Q
  1. What are the symptoms of left-sided pancreatic tumors?
A

Pain

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16
Q
  1. What is Courvoisier’s sign?
A

A palpable gallbladder in the presence of jaundice

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17
Q
  1. What are signs of advanced pancreatic cancer?
A

Cachexia

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18
Q
  1. What is Virchow’s node?
A

Left supraclavicular lymph node enlargement

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19
Q
  1. What is Sister Mary Joseph’s node?
A

A periumbilical nodule indicating metastatic spread of abdominal cancer.

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20
Q
  1. What is Blumer’s shelf?
A

A palpable mass in the pouch of Douglas

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21
Q
  1. What is the most common initial imaging study for pancreatic cancer?
A

Abdominal ultrasound.

22
Q
  1. What is the diagnostic and staging test of choice for pancreatic cancer?
A

Multidetector CT (MDCT) with pancreas protocol.

23
Q
  1. What is the accuracy of CT for predicting unresectable pancreatic cancer?
A

90% to 95%.

24
Q
  1. What is the accuracy of CT for predicting resectable pancreatic cancer?
A

80% to 90%.

25
Q
  1. What are the typical CT findings of pancreatic adenocarcinoma?
A

Hypodense mass

26
Q
  1. What is the role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in pancreatic cancer?
A

It is highly sensitive for detecting small lesions (<2 cm) and assessing tumor stage.

27
Q
  1. What is the role of diagnostic laparoscopy in pancreatic cancer?
A

It improves the accuracy of predicting resectability to 98%

28
Q
  1. What are the three categories of pancreatic cancer staging?
A

Resectable

29
Q
  1. What is the median survival after surgical resection for pancreatic cancer?
A

16 to 20 months.

30
Q
  1. What is the median survival for unresectable pancreatic cancer?
A

6 to 12 months.

31
Q
  1. What is the goal of surgical treatment for pancreatic cancer?
A

R0 resection (complete removal with negative margins).

32
Q
  1. What is the surgical procedure for right-sided pancreatic tumors?
A

Pancreatoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure).

33
Q
  1. What is the surgical procedure for left-sided pancreatic tumors?
A

Distal pancreatectomy.

34
Q
  1. What is the role of neoadjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer?
A

It may improve patient selection

35
Q
  1. What is the role of preoperative biliary drainage in pancreatic cancer?
A

It is used to relieve obstructive jaundice before surgery.

36
Q
  1. What is the role of CA19-9 in pancreatic cancer?
A

It is a tumor marker used for diagnosis and surveillance

37
Q
  1. What is the normal level of CA19-9?
A

Less than 37 U/mL.

38
Q
  1. What are the limitations of CA19-9 as a tumor marker?
A

It can be elevated in benign diseases

39
Q
  1. What is the role of MRI/MRCP in pancreatic cancer?
A

It is used for patients who cannot tolerate contrast and for better evaluation of cystic lesions.

40
Q
  1. What is the role of PET in pancreatic cancer?
A

It is used to detect distant metastases and assess tumor activity.

41
Q
  1. What is the role of ERCP in pancreatic cancer?
A

It is used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes

42
Q
  1. What is the role of ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) in pancreatic cancer?
A

It optimizes preoperative and postoperative care to improve recovery and outcomes.

43
Q
  1. What is the role of octreotide analogs in pancreatic cancer?
A

They are used to reduce pancreatic secretions and prevent postoperative complications.

44
Q
  1. What is the role of nutritional optimization in pancreatic cancer?
A

It involves correcting hypoalbuminemia and improving overall nutritional status before surgery.

45
Q
  1. What is the role of preoperative anticoagulation in pancreatic cancer?
A

It involves correcting coagulation abnormalities to reduce surgical risks.

46
Q
  1. What is the role of antibiotic prophylaxis in pancreatic cancer surgery?
A

It is used to prevent postoperative infections.

47
Q
  1. What is the role of total pancreatectomy in pancreatic cancer?
A

It is performed for extensive parenchymal involvement when partial resection is not feasible.

48
Q
  1. What is the role of adjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer?
A

It is used after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence and improve survival.

49
Q
  1. What is the role of palliative care in pancreatic cancer?
A

It focuses on symptom management and improving quality of life for unresectable or metastatic disease.

50
Q
  1. What are the key references for pancreatic cancer management?
A

Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery

Surgery (16 decks)

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