transfer of energy & matter

Question 1

examples of substances which are exchanged in open systems

Answer 1

when plants take in CARBON DIOXIDE during photosynthesis and release OXYGEN

or when people inhale OXYGEN in and breathe out CARBON DIOXIDE (respiration)

Question 2

what is an ecosystem

Answer 2

complex units with many living and non-living things sharing a space and just cohabitating, open system where energy and matter can be exchanged

Question 3

difference between a closed and an open ststem

Answer 3

closed systems only allow an energy exchange whereas open systems exchange energy AND matter

Question 4

how do mesocosm and other closed systems work

Answer 4

recycling of materials within the system, mesocosms are designed to mock a natural ecosystem but on a small scale in a controlled environment and so they have a self-sustaining system

nutrient cycling, energy input (the sun), waste recycling, adaptation and equilibrium

Question 5

explain the cave bs

Answer 5

specialised diets (organic matter carried by water or other animals instead of photosynthesis)

efficient energy utilisation (organisms need to be very energy efficient with super slow metabolisms and reduced activity levels because photosynthesis)

Question 6

explain the deap sea bs

Answer 6

bioluminescence (produce their own light)

reduced metabolic rates (slow metabolisms so they need to consume less and it lasts longer)

chemical adaptation (chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis, they use chemical compounds to produce organic matter, the food source)

Question 7

examples of nutrients recycled by flowing through food chains

Answer 7

carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur

Question 8

a terrestial food chain

Answer 8

plant —>herbivore—>small carnivore—>medium carnivore—>biig carnivore

Question 9

a marine food chain

Answer 9

phytoplankton—>zooplankton—>small carnivore—>medium carnivore—>big carnivore

Question 10

producers vs. consumers

Answer 10

producers produce their own goddamn food (through photosynthesis) they form the base of the food chain and they convert abiotic resources to organic matter (food) and provide those for others because consumers obtain energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms and occupy a higher level of the food chain

Question 11

what are decomposers and what do they do

Answer 11

fungi, bacteria, insects, earthworms

they break down organic matter into simpler compounds through decomposition

they are supplied with energy from carbon compounds in dead or living organic matter

Question 12

give examples of shit decomposed by decomposers

Answer 12

so apart from dumb ass nitrogenous compounds, sulfur compounds and phosphorus compounds

ORGANIC ΜΑTTER (dead plants and animals, leaves, branches, fruits, feces)

Question 13

what are saprothrops

Answer 13

a special kind of decomposers

the main type of representation of this group are fungi and mushrooms

saprothrops are organisms that obtain their nutrition by secreting enzymes to break down complex organic matter externally outside their bodies

Question 14

explain how saprotrophs break down complex insoluble carbon compounds

Answer 14

1.detection
2.secretion of enzymes
3.breakdown of complex compounds
4.absorption of nutrients
5.release of waste products

Question 15

producers in other words are

Answer 15

autotrophs

Question 16

consumers in other words are

Answer 16

heterotrophs

Question 17

autotrophs

Answer 17

photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs

Question 18

photoautotrophs

Answer 18

a type of an autotroph

they make organic compounds using energy derived from the sun

Question 19

chemoautotrophs

Answer 19

a type of an autotroph

they make organic compounds using energy from the oxidation of chemicals

Question 20

types of heterotrophs

Answer 20

consumers, saprotrophs

Question 21

consumers

Answer 21

type of an heterotroph

ingest organic matter which is living or has been recently killed

Question 22

saprotrophs

Answer 22

type of a heterotroph

feeds on non-living matter by secreting enzymes and absorbing products

Question 23

explain assimilating food

Answer 23

heterotrophs take in the nutrients from the food they consume and incorporate them into their own bodies to use for growth, energy and other biological processes

Question 24

steps of how idk heterotrophs eat

Answer 24

ingestion—> digestion—>absorption—>assimilation—>elimination

digestion as in breaking down food
absorption as in moving food into cells

Question 25

give examples of require nutrients and their functions

Answer 25

carbon=backbone of organic molecules
nitrogen=crucial component of protein
phosphorus=key component to nucleic acids

Question 26

whats the reason for energy loss

Answer 26

heat

Question 27

incomplete consumption

Answer 27

the caterpillar only eats the leaves energy and just the rest goes to shit and decomposition

Question 28

incomplete digestion

Answer 28

not all foods are absorbed what cannot be digesteed gets shat out

Question 29

cellular respiration

Answer 29

subtrates like carbohystrates or proteins are oxidised to co2 and h2o and only unoxidised compounds go to the next level

Question 30

initial energy dource

Answer 30

sunlight

Question 31

what happens with the energy as it moves through a food chain

Answer 31

it flows through the food chain being lost at each stage in the form of heat

Question 32

how is atp produced

Answer 32

cellular respiration and it can be turned to different types of energy

Question 33

what is biomass

Answer 33

the total mass of a group of organisms within one trophic level