cells

Question 1

the cell theory

Answer 1

-the cell is a basic unit of life
-all living things are composed of cells
-cells come from preexisting cells

Question 2

prokaryotic celled organisms

Answer 2

simple cell structure without internal membrane bound compartments

Question 3

eukaryotic celled organisms

Answer 3

a more complex cell structure with internal membrane bound compartments

Question 4

prokaryotic cell has (eukaryotic doesnt)

Answer 4

1.its tiny tinyyyy
2.no membrane bound organelles
3.cell wall with peptidoglycan
4.dna in nucleotide (nu nuclear membrane)
5.flagella rotates
6.dna is circular and naked
7.smaller 70s ribosomes
8.can have plasmids
9.all unicellular

Question 5

eukaryotic (differences from prokaryotic)

Answer 5

1.bigger(10=100um)
2.membrane bound organelles
3.division by binary fission, mitosis or meiosis
4.cell wall with cellulose (plants) dna in nucleus (with muler membrane)
5.flagella moves laterally
6.dna is linear and associated with historic proteins
7.larger 70s ribosomes
8.does not have plasmids
9.uncellular or multicellular

Question 6

same qualities of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 6

ribosomes, dna, cell membrane, cytoplasm, essential function of life

Question 7

cell wall and plasma membrane

Answer 7

1.it protects and maintains the shape of the cell
2.it keeps the cell from breaking
3.the wall is mostly made from peptidoglycan
4.the plasma membrane to some extent controls the movement of the interiors
5.acts like a border controller

Question 8

pili and flagella

Answer 8

-pili joins bacterial cells in preparation for the transfer of dna from one cell to another
-flagella allows a cell to move

Question 9

ribosomes

Answer 9

sites of protein synthesis

Question 10

the nucleoid region

Answer 10

-non compartmentalised
-contains one long singular continuous thread of dna
-not surrounded by membrane

Question 11

plasmids

Answer 11

-small, circular dna mollecules
-not in every prokaryotic cell
-not connected to the main bacterial chromosome
-helps the cell adapt to unusual circumstance

Question 12

dna (generic cell structure)

Answer 12

~all living cells contain some dna (varies between eukaryotic and prokaryotic)

~the presence of it means that a new cell can be formed from an old one (dna stores and transfers genetic material)

~controls production of enzymes and other vital proteins within the cell

Question 13

cytoplasm (generic cell structure)

Answer 13

~found within the cell boundary

~mainly water + dissolved substances (ions)

~the fluid is called cytosol

~multiple of the cells relevant reactions occur there

~conducts ingredients necessary for the cell to conduct it’s day to day activities

Question 14

plasma membrane (generic cell structure)

Answer 14

~surrounds the cell and encloses it’s contains

~two layers (bilayers)

~the bilayer consists of lipids (the kind of lipid varies on the cell type though i think)

~the membrane is responsible for controlling the interactions of the cells interiors and exteriors

~waste substances are exported out of the cell to the environment

~have proteins

Question 15

the purpose of the proteins in cell membrane

Answer 15

~transportation
~cell communication
~cell recognition

Question 16

3 rzeczy cechujace a prokryotic cell

Answer 16

• no membrane bound organelle
• exceedingly small
• no nucleous (instead theres a single strand of dna referred to as the nucleoid)

Question 17

what is ALWAYS in a prokryotic cell

Answer 17

1. cell wall
2. plasma membrane
3. cytoplasm
4. chromosome
5. food store
6. small 70s ribosomes

Question 18

what is in a prokryotic cell SOMETIMES

Answer 18

1. pili
2. flagella
3. capsule (polysaccharide coat)
4. plasmid
5. infolded cell membrane

Question 19

what is a bacteria composed of

Answer 19

1. cell wall (made with peptdoglycan)
2. plasma membrane
3. cytoplasm
4. naked dna
5. 70s ribosomes

Question 20

nuclear envelope

Answer 20

a lipid bilayer surrounding the genetic material of the cell, containing nuclear pores that control the movenment of molecules between the inside of the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Question 21

nuclear pore

Answer 21

a protein lined channel in the nuclear envelope regulates the transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Question 22

chromosome

Answer 22

length of dna that carries specific genes in a linear sequence

Question 23

chromatin

Answer 23

nuclear material compromised of dna and histone proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells at interphase, forms into chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis

Question 24

the nucleus

Answer 24

• largest organelle
• surrounded by double layered membrane (nuclear membrane)
• contains chromosomes (made of dna and bound to histones)

Question 25

the nucleolus

Answer 25

- tint sounded darkly staining body - located within the nucleus (1 or 2) - sub units of ribosomes are synthesized) - site at which ribosomes are synthesized

Question 26

mitochondria

Answer 26

- rod shaped cylindrical organelle - relatively large - found in all cells and usually present in very large numbers - especially prevalent in highly metabolic cells (muscle cells, hormone secreting cells, human liver) - double membrane (outer is smooth and inner is folded to form a cristae) - the interior contains the matrix- aqueous solutions of metabolites and enzymes - aerobic stage of respiration

Question 27

cristae

Answer 27

folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Question 28

ribosomes

Answer 28

- tiny structures composed of 2 subunits that do not have any membrane - consist of protein and nucleoid acid RNA - found free in the cytoplasm and bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (thus making the rough endoplasmic reticulum) - also occur in mitochondria and chloroplasts (but as 70s while in the rest of the cell they are 80s ribosomes) - sites at which protein is made in cells , many different cells contain vast number of ribosomes (some of the cell proteins produced in the ribosomes have structural roles like collagen) - biological catalysts (cause metabolic reactions of metabolism to occur more quickly under the conditions found within the cytoplasm)

Question 29

the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 29

- a network of membranes folded into sheets, tubes or sacs that are extensively interconnected - connected to the membrane of the nuclear envelope - cytoplasm of metabolically active cell is commonly packed with endoplasmic reticulum ROUGH EDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND SMOOTH ENOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Question 30

rough endoplasmic reticulum RER

Answer 30

- has ribosomes attached to it - vesicles formed from swellings - the site pf protein synthesis that are "packaged" in vesicles and typically discharged from the cell by a process called exocytosis - provides energy for the exterior of the cell (digestive enzymes)

Question 31

smooth endoplasmic reticulum SER

Answer 31

- no ribosomes attached to it - site of synthesis of substances needed by the cell (manufacturing lipids) - in the cytoplasm of vulunary muscle fibres a special form of ser is the site of storage of calcium ions - synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids. - Cells that secrete these products (lipids, phospholipids) such as cells of the testes, ovaries, and skin oil glands, have an excess of smooth endoplasmic reticulum