carbohydrates and lipids Flashcards
organic compounds; carbohydrates examples
glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, cellulose, storch
organic compounds; lipids examples
triglycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids, waxes, steroids//hormones
organic compounds; proteins examples
keratin, collagen, insulin, enzymes, antibodies
organic compounds; nucleic acids examples w
DNA, RNA
define carbohydrates
the sugars;; composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen the ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1
what are lipids composed of
the fats;; composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with C:H:O at a ratio of 1:2 less than 1
proteins are composed of
contain one or more chains of amino acids. all of the amino acids in the chains contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, some of them also contain sulphur
nucleic acid components
nucleic acids are chains of subunit called nucleotides which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
how can we classify carbohydrates
on the number of building blocks
-monosaccharides (fruits vegetables honey nuts)
-disaccharides (sugar, milk)
-polysaccharide (starchy foods, potatoes, wheat)
how can monosaccharides be classified
by the number of carbon atoms they possess; eg five carbon sugars are called pentoses and six carbon sugars are called hexoses
btw pentoses and hexoses are special because they can exist in straight chain form but can also fold into rings
describe features of monosaccharides
-ring structure
-carbon atoms are numbered clockwise starting next to 0
-each carbon has 4 bonds
-formula Cn(H2)nOn
main functions of monosaccharides
solubility, chemical stability, energy
solubility (function of monosaccharides)
glucose is polar and hydrophilic so it is easily soluble in aqueous solutions and therefore can be easily transported around
chemical stability (function of monosaccharides)
they have strong covalent bonds and are therefore very stable, useful for food storage
energy (function of monosaccharide)
energy= glucose gives out energy when oxidised during cellular respiration
condensation reaction
in other words dehydration; when molecules are formed, monomers join together and a molecule of water is released, it is an anabolic reaction so atp is required
two molecules are linked together and at the same time a molecule of water is released
creation of polymers
hydrolysis
in other words dehydration; it is a catabolic reaction (energy is released) its deformation of polymers back to monomers;; an enzyme and one molecule of water are used to hydrolyse (break) the glycosidic bond to release the two monomers
similarities between condensation and hydrolysis
both are chemical reactions involving organic compounds???
nwm starch
plant cell, α glucose
structure: amylose (crystallised form of starch) and amylopectin (uncrystalised)
function: great energy storge bc glucose molecules can be easily removed from amylose and amylopectin chains and reansported away and used in the cell
glycogen
animal & fungi, type α glucose
structure: branched polysaccharide of α glucose, more of 1-6 glycosidic bonds
function:in animal cells, molecules of glucose can be easily hydrolysed and produced in muscle and liver cells of animals, mostly insoluble in water
cellulose
plant cell β1-4 glucose
structure: each β glucose added to the chain has to be positioned at 180 to the previous one forming a straight chain
function: the microfibrils are strong and rigid and give tensile strength to the plant cells protrcting them from bursting even with high pressure
