carbohydrates and lipids

Question 1

organic compounds; carbohydrates examples

Answer 1

glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, cellulose, storch

Question 2

organic compounds; lipids examples

Answer 2

triglycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids, waxes, steroids//hormones

Question 3

organic compounds; proteins examples

Answer 3

keratin, collagen, insulin, enzymes, antibodies

Question 4

organic compounds; nucleic acids examples w

Answer 4

DNA, RNA

Question 5

define carbohydrates

Answer 5

the sugars;; composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen the ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1

Question 6

what are lipids composed of

Answer 6

the fats;; composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with C:H:O at a ratio of 1:2 less than 1

Question 7

proteins are composed of

Answer 7

contain one or more chains of amino acids. all of the amino acids in the chains contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, some of them also contain sulphur

Question 8

nucleic acid components

Answer 8

nucleic acids are chains of subunit called nucleotides which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus

Question 9

how can we classify carbohydrates

Answer 9

on the number of building blocks
-monosaccharides (fruits vegetables honey nuts)
-disaccharides (sugar, milk)
-polysaccharide (starchy foods, potatoes, wheat)

Question 10

how can monosaccharides be classified

Answer 10

by the number of carbon atoms they possess; eg five carbon sugars are called pentoses and six carbon sugars are called hexoses

btw pentoses and hexoses are special because they can exist in straight chain form but can also fold into rings

Question 11

describe features of monosaccharides

Answer 11

-ring structure
-carbon atoms are numbered clockwise starting next to 0
-each carbon has 4 bonds
-formula Cn(H2)nOn

Question 12

main functions of monosaccharides

Answer 12

solubility, chemical stability, energy

Question 13

solubility (function of monosaccharides)

Answer 13

glucose is polar and hydrophilic so it is easily soluble in aqueous solutions and therefore can be easily transported around

Question 14

chemical stability (function of monosaccharides)

Answer 14

they have strong covalent bonds and are therefore very stable, useful for food storage

Question 15

energy (function of monosaccharide)

Answer 15

energy= glucose gives out energy when oxidised during cellular respiration

Question 16

condensation reaction

Answer 16

in other words dehydration; when molecules are formed, monomers join together and a molecule of water is released, it is an anabolic reaction so atp is required

two molecules are linked together and at the same time a molecule of water is released

creation of polymers

Question 17

hydrolysis

Answer 17

in other words dehydration; it is a catabolic reaction (energy is released) its deformation of polymers back to monomers;; an enzyme and one molecule of water are used to hydrolyse (break) the glycosidic bond to release the two monomers

Question 18

similarities between condensation and hydrolysis

Answer 18

both are chemical reactions involving organic compounds???

Question 19

nwm starch

Answer 19

plant cell, α glucose
structure: amylose (crystallised form of starch) and amylopectin (uncrystalised)
function: great energy storge bc glucose molecules can be easily removed from amylose and amylopectin chains and reansported away and used in the cell

Question 20

glycogen

Answer 20

animal & fungi, type α glucose

structure: branched polysaccharide of α glucose, more of 1-6 glycosidic bonds

function:in animal cells, molecules of glucose can be easily hydrolysed and produced in muscle and liver cells of animals, mostly insoluble in water

Question 21

cellulose

Answer 21

plant cell β1-4 glucose

structure: each β glucose added to the chain has to be positioned at 180 to the previous one forming a straight chain

function: the microfibrils are strong and rigid and give tensile strength to the plant cells protrcting them from bursting even with high pressure