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PSYC 305 > Trait Taxonomies > Flashcards

Trait Taxonomies Flashcards

1
Q

trait

A

adjectiv that describes the way some people are

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2
Q

key elements of traits

A

internal rather rather than external
consistent across similar situations
stable across time
has individual differences that are on a continuum
descriptive, not explanatory

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3
Q

how does extraversion vary depending on differences in people?

A

more extroverted people will always be more extraverted in any situation than a more introverted person

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4
Q

how does extraversion vary depending on different situations?

A

an extraverted person may be less extraverted in some situations (home) and more in others (party)

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5
Q

what are NOT traits?

A

temporary states
attitudes
cognitive ability
physical attributes
social categories

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6
Q

what approach is used to determine which traits are more important

A

the lexical approach

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7
Q

what is the lexical approach

A

learn about personality through it’s appearance in language

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8
Q

what is a signal that a trait is more important

A

will be cross-culturally universal
Will have high synonym frequency

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9
Q

what is cross-cultural universality?

A

a concept or word (e.g. trait) that has language dedicated to it in all cultures

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10
Q

what is a trait taxonomy?

A

comprehensive system that includes all major traits of personality

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11
Q

what is a characteristic of trait taxonomies?

A

hierarchical system

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12
Q

what is the research procedure for the ‘Lexical Approach to Pride’ study

A

participants listed words that describe how they think, feel, and do when they feel prideful
researchers figured out how words grouped together

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13
Q

what is the statistical procedure for the ‘Lexical Approach to Pride’ study

A

ask participants to rate extent to which each trait describes them
enter ratings into factor anaysis, showing how traits hold together

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14
Q

how many words were listed by 2% of the participants in the Lexical Approach to Pride study?

A

65

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15
Q

what is the theoretical procedure for the ‘Lexical Approach to Pride’ study

A

researchers thought about how many traits should matter based on a pre-articulated theory

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16
Q

what was the results of the ‘Lexical Approach to Pride’ study

A

Two-Facet theory

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17
Q

what is the two-facet theory

A

there are two versions of pride
authentic pride
hubristic pride

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18
Q

what is authentic pride

A

pride that promotes social investments and fosters genuine self-esteem

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19
Q

what is hubristic pride

A

pride related to aggression, hostility, and narcissism

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20
Q

what were the changes in the field of personality in 1968

A

mega-theories era ends
middle-level theories emerge
the rise of social psychology

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21
Q

what are characteristics of middle-level theories

A

domain-specific
traits are used to describe/predict types of behaviours
behaviour is a function of personality

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22
Q

what social psychology theories rose to popularity in 1968

A

Interactionism
situationism

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23
Q

who founded interactionism

A

Lewin

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24
Q

who founded situationism

A

festinger

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25
Q

what is the characteristic of interactionism

A

behaviour is a function of personality and situation

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26
Q

what are the characteristics of situationism

A

behaviour is a function of situation
personality is only error variance and therefore irrelevant

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27
Q

what studies are examples of situationism

A

Asch’s conformity study
Milgram’s obedience study
Zimbardo’s prison study

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28
Q

what is Asch’s conformity study?

A

fake paticipants all agree that one line is the most like an example when it clearly isn’t
participant usually conforms to the group

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29
Q

what was mischel’s critique of personality psychology in 1968?

A

personality could not predict behaviour
people will act differently in different situations

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30
Q

what happened to personality psych after Mischel’s critique

A

personality psych field suffered
social psych blossomed

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31
Q

what points did the personality psych field make after it was critiqued?

A
  1. personality traits can predict behaviour over the long-term
  2. broad traits predict broad behaviours and vice-versa
  3. people’s behaviour is consistent relative to others
  4. personality traits are stable over long periods
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32
Q

what do we need to do to predict a behaviour in an individual?

A

aggregation of traits

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33
Q

what does aggregating behaviours mean?

A

averaging/summing behaviours together for an individual

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34
Q

what is an example of a narrow trait that predicts a narrow behaviour

A

punctuality -> showing up to class on time

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35
Q

example of a broad trait that predicts a broad behaviour

A

conscientiousness -> good academic performance

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36
Q

what is something that is linked to adult personality

A

child temperament

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37
Q

what theory is accepted today as the predictor of behaviour

A

interactionism

38
Q

when is a situation a better predictor of behaviour

A

when the situation is strong/has a high level of constraint

39
Q

when is personality a better predictor of behaviour

A

when the situation is weak/has a low level of constraint

40
Q

what are the 3 major traits of interest to Eysenck

A

PEN

41
Q

what does PEN stand for

A

psychoticism
extraversion
neuroticism

42
Q

what is psychoticism related to

A

testosterone level

43
Q

what are characteristics of psychoticism

A

aggression
cold
egocentric
impersonal

44
Q

what is extraversion related to

A

physiological arousal

45
Q

what are characteristics of extraversion

A

sociability
activity
liveliness

46
Q

what is neuroticism related to

A

fluctuations in autonomic nervous system

47
Q

what are characteristics of neuroticism

A

anxiety
depression
tension (tense)

48
Q

what are some criticisms of the psychoticism dimension in Eysenck’s theory

A

label accuracy
relevance of sub-traits

49
Q

what is Eysenck’s theory?

A

personality taxonomy should be rooted in biology

50
Q

what are circumplex taxonomies

A

broad level factors that are independent fom each other
we can fall anywhere along either factor

51
Q

what are problems with PEN?

A

not all inclusive in it’s factors
not just PEN shows heritability

52
Q

what other taxonomies developed to address issues with PEN?

A

Wiggin’s theory of interpersonal traits
five factor model

53
Q

what are the big five?

A

openness
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism

54
Q

how was the big 5 made

A

through factor analysis that identified meaningful groups of traits

55
Q

what things give the big 5 strong empirical support

A

cross-cultural replication
genetic links
cross-species replication

56
Q

what are open people more likely to do

A

remember dreams better
more creative
enjoy new experiences

57
Q

what are conscientious people more likely to do

A

successful in work/school
more stable romantic relationships

58
Q

what are extraverts more likely to do

A

love social attention/leadership
happier

59
Q

what are agreeable people more likely to do

A

resolve conflicts
generous
well-liked

60
Q

what are neurotic people more likely to do

A

highly emotional
mood swings
instability in relationships
more fatigued

61
Q

what traits are missing from the Big 5

A

positive/negative evaluation
religiosity
honesty/humility

62
Q

what model includes the traits of the Big 5 + honesty/humility?

A

HEXACO

63
Q

what is the replicability crisis in social psychology

A

the numerous findings that failed replication

64
Q

what caused social psychology to be in crisis?

A

small samples
maximizing apparent difference between conditions in experiments
not learn from the mistakes of personality psych

65
Q

what happened when social psych went through the replication crisis?

A

personality psych research came back stronger

66
Q

what is the plaster hypothesis

A

personality traits become stable by age 30

67
Q

what is the contextualist perspective

A

personality emerges from multiple sources
ex. person-environment interactions

68
Q

what are two metrics for stability/change in traits

A

mean-level stability
mean level change

69
Q

what is mean-level stability

A

ppl’s average level of a trait at different ages (in a population) stays the same

70
Q

describe Soto’s study

A

lifespan personality cross-sectional study
with online participants

71
Q

what was Soto et al’s (2011) study about?

A

mean level change in traits across lifespan

72
Q

what was measured in Soto’s study

A

associations between age and personality
gender differences in personality change

73
Q

what were the lifespan trait changes for extraversion

A

high in childhood
decline and plateau later
small decline in middle adulthood

74
Q

what were the lifespan trait changes for agreeableness

A

declines in adolescence
rapidly increased again in young adulthood and continues
becomes adaptive after 30

75
Q

what were the lifespan trait changes for conscientiousness

A

sharp decline in adolescence with sharp increase later
increases across lifespan

76
Q

what were the lifespan trait changes for neuroticism

A

decreases throughout lifespan
early on gender differences; women start off higher up

77
Q

what were the lifespan trait changes for openness

A

conflicting;
modest increase over time
OR
overall decrease from 30 onwards

78
Q

what was Robins et al. (2001) study?

A

personality change in college

79
Q

describe Robins et al’s study

A

assessed and compared personality in first year and fourth year

80
Q

what were the results of Robins et al’s study

A

extraversion stays stable
agreeableness increases
conscientiousness increases
openness increases
neuroticism decreases

81
Q

what is the maturity principle

A

people tend to increase on traits that promote optimal behaviour in adult social roles, and vice versa

82
Q

who’s study informed the maturity principle?

A

Robins et al. (2001)

83
Q

what are the two types of stability

A

mean level
rank order

84
Q

what is mean level change

A

significant average shifts in personality over time

85
Q

what is rank order stability

A

relative personality levels stability stays the same, and increases with age

86
Q

what type of stability was proved through a study looking at personality consistency over time

A

rank-order stability

87
Q

what causes change or stability

A

person-environment transactions

88
Q

what are person-environment transactions

A

people select situations based on their personalities which then influences the personality back

89
Q

what was Zimmerman & Neyer’s (2013) study about?

A

studying abroad and personality change

90
Q

what were the results of Zimmerman & Neyer’s (2013) study?

A

extraverts are more likely to study abroad
studying abroad increases O + A, decreases N

PSYC 305 (15 decks)

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