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PSYC 305 > Biological Approach to Personality > Flashcards

Biological Approach to Personality Flashcards

1
Q

what are the basic assumptions of the bio perspective

A

personality traits;

reflect physiological differences
are genetic
are evolutionary

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2
Q

what were the pre-scientific approaches to the bio perspective?

A

phrenology
Galen’s four humors

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3
Q

what is phrenology

A

regions of the head are associated with certain functions

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4
Q

what is Galen’s four humours

A

thought personality was a reflection of the four humors that make up our bodies

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5
Q

what does yellow bile represent

A

choleric
bad temper, irritability

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6
Q

what does black bile represent

A

melancholic
gloomy, pessimistic

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7
Q

what does phlegm represent

A

phlegmatic
sluggish, non-excitable

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8
Q

what does blood represent

A

sanguine
cheerful, passionate

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9
Q

what is the modern biological approach to personality

A

genetic approach to personality

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10
Q

what is the genetic approach to personality

A

genes are the building blocks of personality
they are inherited through evolutionary processes
they shape physiological responses which shapes personality/behaviour

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11
Q

what is behavioural genetics

A

the study of how genes shape behaviour

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12
Q

what are the assumptions of behavioural genetics

A

no traits are caused entirely by nature or nurture
genotypes are genetic potentialities
phenotypes are manifest characteristics
genetic determination
gene-environment interaction

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13
Q

what is genetic determination

A

if we have a gene, then we’ll have the phenotype, no matter what environment we’re in

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14
Q

what is gene-environment interaction

A

if gene in a particular environment, then a particular phenotype will appear

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15
Q

what is heritability

A

the extent to which, in a group of people, individual differences in a trait are due to differences in genes

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16
Q

what are the conditions for heritability

A

can only apply to 1 group’s individual differences
does not mean how much of a trait within a single person is due to genetics

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17
Q

what is behavioural genetics used for?

A

to identify genetic differences between individuals within a group
allows us to see the extent traits are due to genetics and to environment

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18
Q

what is a misconception in heritability

A

that group differences can be explained by genetic differences

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19
Q

what is an example of when group differences are not explained by genetic differences? why?

A

african-american’s lower IQ scores than caucasian-americans
the environments of the groups are different (SES) and therefore can’t compare genetics between them
no difference in IQ in infancy

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20
Q

how is behavioural genetics usually studied

A

twin studies

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21
Q

how do twin studies work

A

understand importance between genetic and environmental influences using monozygotic and dizygotic twins raised together or apart

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22
Q

in twin studies, how is heritability measured?

A

concordance of the trait between the sets twins
MZ correlation - DZ correlation

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23
Q

what is an issues with twin studies

A

equal environments assumptions

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24
Q

what is the equal environments assumption in twin studies

A

assumption that the amount of shared environment in DZ and MZ twins is the same

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25
Q

what are some issues with adoption studies

A

representativeness
selective placement

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26
Q

what is the representation issue in adoption studies refering to?

A

adoptees may not represent the general population because of small sample sizes and conditions that lead them to be put off for adoption

27
Q

what is the selective placement issue in adoption studies refering to?

A

couples who are chosen to adopt a child may not be representative of the general population because of things such as SES

28
Q

what is the general limitation of behavioural genetics?

A

assumption that genes and environment are independent

29
Q

what are the ways that we can have a genotype-environment correlation?

A

passively
actively
reactively

30
Q

what is passive gene-envr correlation

A

selection of environment because of genetic predisposition

31
Q

what is active gene-envr correlation

A

manipulation of the environment because of genetic disposition

32
Q

what is reactive gene-envr correlation

A

reactions from other are influenced because of genetic predisposition

33
Q

what important influences on personality have twin studies revealed

A

genetic influences
shared environment
non-shared environment

34
Q

what is the ‘shared environment’ that influences personality

A

environmental effects share with family members

35
Q

what is the ‘non-shared environment’ that influences personality

A

environmental effects that are unique to an individual and not shared with family

36
Q

what influence on personality has the smallest effect?

A

shared environment

37
Q

true or false; personality traits can be entirely environmental or entirely genetic

A

false; most personaluty traits have a genetic component

38
Q

what was the new zealand twin study

A

measured self-esteem in 5-7 year olds
mothers with same-sex twins interviewed about their child, negative emotion expressed about the child measured

39
Q

what were the findings of the new-zealand twin study

A

the unique relationship between the mother and each child predicted that childs self-esteem
these are non-shared environmental effects

40
Q

what aspects of a person does shared family environment influence

A

attitudes
religious beliefs
political orientations
health behaviours (e.g. smoking)

41
Q

what traits have the highest heritability

A

neuroticism
imagination
aggression

42
Q

how are ways genetic reseach on personality is being performed

A

molecular genetics
neurotransmitter and hormone research
neuro-anatomy

43
Q

how can we physiologically measure genes to personality

A

temperament at infancy
strong correlation between adult personality and infant temperament means the trait is more biological

44
Q

what is Eysenck’s theory of extraversion

A

extraverts experience under-arousal and introverts experience over-arousal

45
Q

evidence of Eysenck’s theory

A

introverts prefer and perform better in quiet environments
extraverts play music louder than introverts
introverts are more often morning people
extraverts use stimulant drugs
introverts use sedative drugs

46
Q

what is Gray’s theory

A

we ahve different sensitivities to rewards and punishments

47
Q

what are the two systems in Gray’s theory

A

BAS
BIS

48
Q

what is BAS

A

behavioural activation system
sensitivity to reward
strong BAS = impulsive, novelty seekers, low gratification delay
linked to positive emotionality

49
Q

what is BIS

A

behavioural inhibition system
sensitivity to punishment
strong BIS = fearful, insecure, hyper cautious
linked to negative emotionality

50
Q

what is the effect on NT when BAS is activated?

A

release of dopamine

51
Q

what is the effect on NT when BIS is activated?

A

lower levels of serotonin

52
Q

what strength of BAS and BIS systems do psychopaths tend to have?

A

high BAS
low BIS

53
Q

how does dopamine affect mice

A

high = active
low = lethargic
motivated to keep pressing lever for hours that releases dopamine in mice

54
Q

what is dopamine

A

genetic basis for sensation seeking

55
Q

how is sensation seeking affected by the type of receptor gene you have?

A

long D4DR = high sensation seeking
short D4DR = low sensation seeking

56
Q

what is the dopamine receptor gene

A

D4DR

57
Q

why does long D4DR cause more sensation seeking

A

receptor has lower affinity to dopamine and therefore need higher dopamine releases for it to bind

58
Q

characteristics of serotonin

A

low amounts lead to depression and anxiety
MDMA and SSRIs increase serotonin levels

59
Q

characteristics of testosterone

A

higher levels related to more aggression in men
testosterone linked to crime in low income men and not high income

60
Q

right PFC

A

withdrawal (BIS)

61
Q

left PFC

A

approach (BAS)

62
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A

anticipation or reward/punishment
BIS and BAS

63
Q

medial PFC

A

self-referential judgements

64
Q

amygdala

A

fear
emotion recognition

PSYC 305 (15 decks)

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