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PSYC 305 > Methods in Personality Research > Flashcards

Methods in Personality Research Flashcards

1
Q

pre-scientific methods of measuring personality

A

astrology
physiognomy
phrenology

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2
Q

what is astrology?

A

personality based on birth date

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3
Q

what is physiognomy

A

personality based on shape of body, mostly the face

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4
Q

what is phrenology

A

personality based on morphology of the skull

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5
Q

what are descriptive methods of studying personality?

A

LOTS

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6
Q

what does LOTS stand for?

A

Life History Data
Observer-reports
Test Data
Self-Reports (surveys)

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7
Q

self-report methods

A

ask people question about beliefs and behaviours, usually through questionnaires

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8
Q

example of self-report methods

A

Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI)

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9
Q

what does TIPI measure?

A

extraversion
agreeableness
conscientiousness
neuroticism
openness to experience

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10
Q

advantages of self-report data

A

can study difficult to observe behaviours/thoughts/feelings
easy to get large groups

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11
Q

disadvantages of self-report data

A

prone to convenience sampling
biased/untrue responses

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12
Q

observer reports

A

observing behaviours of others in natural condition

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13
Q

who can be observers for reports?

A

known people in life
trained observers
untrained, participant observers

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14
Q

advantages of observer-report data

A

capture spontaneuous behaviour
avoid bias on self-reports

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15
Q

disadvantages od observer-report

A

researcher interference (naturalistic vs artificial)
rarity of behaviours
observer bias/selective attention
time consuming

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16
Q

test data

A

assess individual’s abilities/cognitions/motivations/behaviours by their performance on a test

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17
Q

what are ways we can administer a test?

A

written
physical
experimental
physiological

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18
Q

kinds of test data

A

questionnaire tests
experimental tests

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19
Q

example of questionnaire test

A

IQ test

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20
Q

example of experimental tests

A

Megargee study of dominance

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21
Q

what is the Megargee (1969) study?

A

does trait dominance or gender predict leadership
paired either low dominant men or women together in box repair task

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22
Q

results of Megargee’s study

A

same sex: dominant was leader
Co-ed pairs; male was always leader

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23
Q

info we can get from test data

A

physiological
projective techniques

24
Q

example of physiological test data

A

individual differences in biological resposne
heart rate, startle, etc

25
Q

example of projective techniques test data

A

perception of a stimulus revels something about mental state/personality

26
Q

advantages of test data

A

measurement of characteristics that are not easily observable

27
Q

disadvantage of test data

A

validity issue; are we actually measuring what we think we’re measuring
subject to priming

28
Q

case studies

A

intensice examination of single person/group

29
Q

where do you get case study data

A

interviews/autobiography
life records

30
Q

true or false; case studies are the most common type of methods used in personality psych

A

false, they are the least popular

31
Q

advantages of a case study

A

rich source of hypotheses
study of rare behaviour

32
Q

disadvantages of case study

A

observer bias
can’t generalize
can’t recontruct causes from complexity of past events

33
Q

true or false; some traits are easier to judge than others by observers

A

true

34
Q

what are the easiest traits to observe

A

openness to experience
conscientiousness
extraversion

35
Q

waht can we use to evaluate personality measure?

A

reliability
validity

36
Q

reliability definition

A

extent to which scores on a measure are stable and replicable versus amount of error or randomness in the measure

37
Q

types of reliability

A

test-retest reliability
internal consistency reliability
inter-rater reliability

38
Q

test-restest reliability

A

verifying correlation across two testing times

39
Q

internal consistency reliability

A

correlation among items of a test

40
Q

inter-rater reliability

A

only for observational data
do multiple obersvers data agree

41
Q

validity definition

A

degree to which measure assesses what it is supposed to to assess

42
Q

types of validity

A

face validity
predictive validity
convergent validity
construct validity

43
Q

face validity

A

measures what you think it should measure

44
Q

predictive validity

A

predicts external criterion

45
Q

convergent validity

A

related to other measuring methods of the same variable

46
Q

construct validity

A

all other validities in one

47
Q

true or false; you can have high validity but low reliability

A

false, reliability must be high for validity to be high

48
Q

what are questionabke research practices? (QRPs)

A

decisions in design, analysis, and reporting that increase likelihood of achieving a positive result

49
Q

why are people driven to QRPs?

A

publishing research is necessary for jobs, tenure, grants, respect, etc

50
Q

examples of QRPs

A

using small sample sizes
collecting additional dependent variables
peeking at data
dropping experimental condition

51
Q

what percent of researchers admitted to use of some type of QRP 10 years ago?

A

63%

52
Q

what ways can researchers avoid QRPs?

A

disclosureof methods, results, and hypotheses
pre-register hypotheses and studies
share data
be responsible (lol)

53
Q

what does the Center of Open Science do?

A

increase openness, integrety and reproducibility of scientific research
open source software for registering hypotheses. study materials, data, etc

54
Q

what is an indication of good research?

A

adequate study power

55
Q

what is power?

A

strength of study to produce a result that was not obtained simply by random chance

56
Q

what is power generally set to in studies?

A

80%

57
Q

why might researchers come under the necessary power of 80%?

A

underestimate how much data is needed
effects are maller then expected
hard/expensive to collect large samples

PSYC 305 (15 decks)

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