Phenomenological Approach/Motive Theories Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

what are motives

internal states that direct behaviour based on needs
can be consious or unconscious

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what are the 2 motive theories and personality

early motive theorists
the humanistic (aka phenomenological) perspective

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what does TAT stand for

Thematic apperception test

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what does a TAT test show us

inner motives based on the interpretation of a photo

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Murray’s theory

have needs, press, and apperception

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Murray’s needs

achievement
exhibition
order
dominance
aggression
autonomy
affilitation/intimacy
nurturance
abasement
blame-avoidance
succor

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Murray’s press

needs are only activated in certain environments/ stimuli

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murray’s apperception

we only process our environment based on our current needs

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McClelland’s motive theory

have implicit and explicit motives that are independent of each other
implicit- long term
explicit- shorter term

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McClelland’s big 3 motives

achievement
power
affiliation/intimacy

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why is achievement one of the big 3 motives?

prefer to be moderately challenged
want feedback
choose carreers with some risk/ much personal responsiblity

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why is power one of the big 3 motives?

want to control others
argumentative
risk-taking
prefer less popular friends

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why is intimacy one of the big 3 motives?

focus on relationships
relates most to happiness/satisfaction in life

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who are the early motive theorists

Murray
McClelland

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who are the humanistic theorists?

Maslow
Rogers

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what is the humanistic perspective?

use of motive theories to apply to betterment of life
conscious motives

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assumptions in humanistic perspective

subjective reality is more important than objective reality
people are intrinsically good and strive to be great
there is a universal need to for positive self-regard

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Maslow’s beliefs

humans have innate desire for self actualization, self esteem, and belongingness

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Maslow’d hierachy of needs from bottom to top

physiological needs
safety needs
belongingness/love needs
esteem needs
self-actualization needs

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what part of the hierarchy is society responsible for providing?

physiological needs

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at what level of the hierarchy are you a fully functioning person?

self actualization need is met

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characteristics of a self-actualized person

self-acceptance
solitude
independence from culture
frequent peak experiences
creativity

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peak experiences

unity of self with universe
feeling power and wonder

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modern take of Maslow’s Hierarchy

evolutionarily driven instead of just psychological

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problems with Maslow

no evidence for need to self-actualize no innate need for self-actualization inconsistent with human nature

what are the levels of the modern hierarchy of needs?

physiological needs self protection affiliation esteem mate aquisition mate retention parenting

Roger's theory

people are intrinsically goos and strive for self-understanding/acceptance, maturity and autonomy innate goodness can be achieved if society is helpful emphasis on self

how does roger's say we can be full functioning?

client centered therapy

how does client centered therapy work

show unconditional positive regard for client so client can express their authentic self

James' theory

duality of self

the Me; the observed the I; observing

self-consciousness

the I, self awareness

self-concept

the me, concept of one's self as a being

self-esteem

evaluation of one's self, I self looking at me self

classifications that can be made for self concept

personal characteristics ascribed identities social group identities interests/activities abstract/existential

ways to know a child has a sense of self

linguistic markers cognitive behavioural markers emotional markers

when do linguistic markers for sense of self start to appear?

18 months

linguistic markers for sense of self

referencing 'i', 'me', 'mine' nonvebral recognition of self-accomplishment narrative language

when do cognitive markers for sense of self start to appear?

18-24 months

cognitive markers of sense of self

imitation androle taking mirror self recognition

what is a way to see if children/animals can identify themselves in a mirroe?

rouge test

what animals self-recognize in the mirror?

chimps, orangutans, gorillas elephants dolphins humans magpies

when do emotional markers for sense of self start to appear?

2.5-3 years old

emotional markers for sense of self

self-conscious emotions empathy evaluates the self (I looks at me)

Cooley theory on self-concept

looking glass theory self is socially constructed by always seeing ourselves through the eyes of others

multiple selves

we see ourselves differently in different social roles

study result on adpativeness of multiple selves

multiple selves showed lower well-being and self-esteem

what can cause us to have multiple selves later in life

low well-being and self esteem in uni frequenet relationship and career changes

unitary selve

see ourselves as similar across social roles

components of self-esteem

affective component cognitive component

affective component of self esteem

feelings about the self

cognitive componenet of self esteem

thoughts about one's abilities

how to measure self esteem

self report similarity between actual and ideal self observer pictorial pmeasures for children

example of measure of self-esteem

Rosenberg self-esteem scale

what are the findings of longitudinal study of undergrad self esteem

dip down at end of semester 1 Back up at the end of Y1 more or less even until year 4, slight upwards trend

self esteem across the lifespan trends

dip down in teens up in 20s and constant upwards trend starting at 50, returns to child levelsat 60 dlowest dip at 70+

true or false: americans show less of a self-esteem decline in old age

true

limitations of self-esteem through lifetime study

sample selectivity; internet users cohort effects; old people lived through war selective mortality; high self esteem leads to death?

what did the noise blasting study show was happening to kids enrolled in high self-esteem programs

had increased narcissism, not increased self-esteem

what is the problem with using positive illusions for children's achievements?

sets unrealistic standards that can leadto narcissism positive feedback with no actual accomplishment threatens ego

what happened to students that entered university with positive illusions?

happier, but did not perform as well in school as they thought disengage from school more likely to drop out self-esteem dropped ahs conflicting results

what differs with positive allusions of the short term and long term

short term; increased well being and self esteem, better performance long term; decreased well-being and self-esteem disengagement from school/dropped out

self-narrative

life story

components of self-narrative

self-defining memory life chapters key events significant people future script stresses personal ideology life theme