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PSYC 305 > Relationships and Personality > Flashcards

Relationships and Personality Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two theories of attraction?

A

attraction similarity theory
complementary needs theory

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2
Q

what is attraction similarity theory

A

we use assortative mating

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3
Q

what is assortative mating

A

we’re attracted to people similar to us

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4
Q

what is complementary needs theory

A

we’re attracted to people whose personality complements ours
opposites attract

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5
Q

what does data show about the attraction theories

A

people’s preferred partner had opposite personalities to them
people’s actual partner showed similar personalities
no support for complementary needs theory

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6
Q

what factor predicts relationship satisfaction in terms of your partners similarity? which doesn’t?

A

if partner is similar to your ‘ideal’ personality
if you and partner have similar personality

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7
Q

what do females identify as important traits in a partner in order

A

mutual love
dependable
emotional stability
pleasing disposition
education/intelligence
sociability
good health

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8
Q

what do males identify as important traits in a partner in order

A

mutual love
dependable
emotional stability
pleasing disposition
good health
education
sociability

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9
Q

what do females identify as less important traits in a partner in order

A

similar religious backgrounds
similar political background
chastity

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10
Q

what do males identify as less important traits in a partner in order

A

chastity
similar religious background
similar political background

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11
Q

what traits actually predict partner satisfaction overall?

A

male; agreeableness, emotional stability, openness
female; agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness

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12
Q

what traits actually predict partner satisfaction in confiding?

A

male; agreeableness
female; agreeableness, emotional stability, openness

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13
Q

what traits actually predict partner satisfaction sexually?

A

male; agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability
female; agreeableness

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14
Q

what traits actually predict partner satisfaction in enjoyment?

A

same in both
male; agreeableness, emotional stability
female; agreeableness, emotional stability

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15
Q

what can be biasing self-reported personality

A

reference group effect

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16
Q

what is reference group effect

A

tendency to rate oneself relative to the people their close to socially

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17
Q

how can the reference group effect be influencing assortative mating studies

A

people rate themselves as different from their partner, when in reality the have relatively similar personality

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18
Q

what correlation coefficient do partners get in personality similarity in earlier studies?

A

.10

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19
Q

how did new research in assortative mating bypass the reference group effect

A

measured personality behaviour instead of self report
studied language and likes on facebook to predict their big 5 traits

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20
Q

what were the results of the facebook study of assortative mating?

A

likes correlation; .24
language correlation; 0.38

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21
Q

what traits predict future relationship quality/conflict?

A

PEM
NEM
CON

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22
Q

what is PEM

A

positive emotionality

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23
Q

what is positive emotionality

A

confidence, enthusiasm, social warmth, well-being, zest

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24
Q

what is NEM

A

negative emotionality

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25
Q

what is negative emotionality

A

threshold for negative emotions like anxiety, anger, fear

26
Q

what is CON

A

constraint

27
Q

what is constraint

A

self control, harm avoidance, endorsement of social norms

28
Q

how did PEM correlate with relationship quality later in life

A

positive low correlation

29
Q

how did NEM correlate with relationship quality later in life

A

negatively moderately correlated

30
Q

how did CON correlate with relationship quality later in life

A

positive low correlation

31
Q

how did PEM correlate with relationship conflict later in life

A

0

32
Q

how did NEM correlate with relationship conflict later in life

A

positvely moderate correlation

33
Q

how did CON correlate with relationship conflict later in life

A

negative low correlation

34
Q

what was the difference in results between older and newer assortative mating studies?

A

couples personalities were more correlated in the newer studies than older studies

35
Q

what were the research questions in the emotions and sexual attractiveness study

A

are there gender differences in which emotion expressions people perceive as the most attractive?
which emotion expression is perceived as the most sexually attractive?

36
Q

which emotions were tested in the emotions and sexual attractiveness study

A

pride
shame
neutral
happy

37
Q

how sexually attractive is happiness considered?

A

most attractive in females
least attractive in males

38
Q

how sexually attractive is pride considered

A

least attractive in females
most attractive in males

39
Q

how sexually attractive is shame considered?

A

attractive in both sexes

40
Q

what did a follow up study to the emotions and sexual attractiveness study show?

A

shame is not perceived as attractive in india

41
Q

who conducted the emotions and sexual attractiveness study

A

Tracy and Beall

42
Q

who conducted the expression of emotions in relationships study?

A

Gottman and Levenson

43
Q

what was the expression of emotions in relationships study

A

videotaped newlyweds engaging in conflict
followed up 5 years later to see if divorced

44
Q

what kind of data was collected in Gottman and Levenson study?

A

all four types

45
Q

what was the observational data in Gottman and Levenson study?

A

coding for emotional responses in an argument with video tape

46
Q

what was the test data in Gottman and Levenson study?

A

physiological measures

47
Q

what was the informant data in Gottman and Levenson study?

A

couple member rated partner’s relationship satisfaction

48
Q

what was the self-report data in Gottman and Levenson study?

A

couple member rated their own realtionship satisfaction

49
Q

what were the results of the Gottman and Levenson study?

A

could predict divorce 5 years later with 83% accuracy

50
Q

what are the four main factors that predict divorce? what study were they found in?

A

criticism vs complaint
contempt
defensiveness
stonewallling
Gottman and Levenson

51
Q

what is criticism vs complaint?

A

criticism; global statement of anger/negativity, blaming
complaint; specific statement of anger/negativity

52
Q

which factor predicts divorce; criticism or complaint?

A

criticism

53
Q

how does negative affect affect divorce

A

escalation is bad
de-escalation (like through humour) is good

54
Q

what does contempt mean

A

insult, mockery, sarcasm or derision of the other person

55
Q

what is defensiveness

A

attempt to protect one’s self from perceived attack

56
Q

what are some actions that show defensiveness?

A

denial of responsibility
counterblame
whining
assuming what the other person is feeling

57
Q

what is stonewalling

A

listener presents a ‘stone wall’ to their partner
silent treatment

58
Q

what are some qualities of stonewalling

A

no vocalizations (mmm, yeah)
neck is rigid
no eye contact
little facial movements, and only negative

59
Q

what sex tends to stonewall more? what percentage of stonewallers are this sex?

A

male
85%

60
Q

what are the overall findings from Gottman and Levenson?

A

four factors that predict divorce
satisfaction is not predicted by how often a couple fights, but how negative feelings are expressed during the fight
5:1 ratio of -ve to +ve interactions indicated a good marriage
-ve emotions are associated with high physiological arousal in men but not in women

61
Q

what are the implications of men having higher physiological arousal with -ve emotions?

A

may avoid -ve affect in relationships because it’s more punishing
experience lower levels of negative affect than women

PSYC 305 (15 decks)

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