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PSYC 305 > Gender and Personality > Flashcards

Gender and Personality Flashcards

1
Q

examples of people who used biological differences to talk about men vs women’s worth ethic

A

Lawrence Summers- Harvard uni president talking about differences in math and science
James Damore- sex differences are why we don’t see equal representation in tech and leadership
separatist men in tech movement
‘the essential difference’ book

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2
Q

what scientist is pro studying gender differences

A

Pinker

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3
Q

what scientist is against studying gender differences

A

Spelke

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4
Q

what are some concerns with studying gender differences

A

acceptance of gender differences in ability could promote discrimination
self-fulfilling prophecy

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5
Q

what is the self-fulfilling prophecy concern of studying gender differences?

A

young children who believe in gender differences could inhibit their success

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6
Q

what are some gender differences seen in math and science

A

varies by culture
middle school boys outperformed girls 13:1, now presently 3:1
gender differences only emerge after elementary school

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7
Q

what was Dar-Nimrod and Heine’s research question?

A

does telling women that they are genetically worse at math lower their math performance?

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8
Q

what was Dar-Nimrod’s methods?

A

told to read an essay that said there are differences in math performance between genders that are either genetic differences, experiential differences, no differences, or didn’t read an essay
were primed with their gender
did a math test after

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9
Q

what is standard stereotype threat

A

being aware of a stereotype about your identity will cause you to conform to it

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10
Q

what were the results of Dar-Nimrod’s study

A

females (compared to males) did worse when told gender differences in math skills were genetic

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11
Q

what is the gender difference in memory?

A

men remember less about the past 3 weeks than women

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12
Q

what is the proposed explanation for Dar-Nimrod’s results?

A

the genetic explanation gives a sense of lack of control of abilities

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13
Q

what traits of extraversion do men have more of?

A

assertiveness
activity

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14
Q

what traits of extraversion do women have more of?

A

gregariousness

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15
Q

what traits of agreeableness do men have more of?

A

aggressiveness

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16
Q

what traits of agreeableness do women have more of?

A

trust
tender-mindedness

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17
Q

which gender tends to be more conscientious

A

women

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18
Q

what traits of emotional stability do men have more of?

A

impulsiveness

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19
Q

what traits of emotional stability do women have more of?

A

anxiety

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20
Q

which gender tends to be more open?

A

men
basically equal tho (0.3)

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21
Q

what are some gender differences in emotion?

A

women experience -ve emotions at greater frequency and intensity
women score higher on measures of empathy

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22
Q

what are some gender differences in aggression?

A

no differences until age 2
4+ boys show higher aggression
teen boys have higher rates of delinquency
boys are are 6-10x more likely to have conduct disorders
men commit more crimes across culture

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23
Q

what is the likelihood of one gender committing murder over another?

A

males are 10x more likely to commit murder

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24
Q

what percentage of murders are male offender/male victim?

A

65%

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25
Q

what percentage of murders are male offender/female victim?

A

23%

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26
Q

what percentage of murders are female offender/male victim?

A

10%

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27
Q

what percentage of murders are female offender/female victim?

A

2%

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28
Q

what is the relationship with aggression in childhood and criminal convictions?

A

high aggression levels lead to more criminal convictions

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29
Q

what is the realtionship with tv viewing and criminal acts?

A

no relationship in females
higher tv viewing predicts more agression in males

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30
Q

what can explain the difference in aggression between the males and females?

A

girls and boys show aggression differently

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31
Q

what type of aggression do males typically show?

A

overt aggression

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32
Q

what is overt aggression

A

physical or verbal assaults

33
Q

what type of aggression do females usually show?

A

relational aggression

34
Q

what is relational aggression

A

mean girls model
exclusing others, withdrawing acceptance, spreading false rumors

35
Q

what are gender differences in self-esteem

A

women usually have lower self esteem

36
Q

at what ages is self esteem comparable between males and females

A

childhood
70+

37
Q

considering both types of aggression, what are gender differences in aggression levels

A

no difference

38
Q

what can be the reason females show a sharp drop in self-esteem in adolescents

A

messaging about the perfect women is added to their self-concept

39
Q

what is a possible difference in media between female and male messaging

A

male messaging has more consistency with the bodies

40
Q

what difference in ideal body and actual body do we see in children?

A

females rate their ideal body as significantly skinnier than they rate their actual body
males ideal and actual are much closer

41
Q

what has a recent literature reviewof gender differences in body image found?

A

men have more positive body images
gender difference was larger for more recent studies

42
Q

what are some findings in body image and girl’s self esteem decline?

A

exposure to media showing thin body ideal linked to lower self-esteem
introduction of American TV in Fiji increased prevalence of eating disorders and increased -ve body image

43
Q

what is the hypothesis of the body image self-esteem study

A

girls in countries that begin receiving magazines depicting idealized body images will show larger decline in self-esteem during adolescence

44
Q

what were the methods of the body image self-esteem study?

A

internet sample from 34 countries measured self esteem in children and adolecents
coded each country for availability of popular women’s magazines

45
Q

what were the results for the body-image self-esteem study?

A

availability of magazines to girls dropped their self-esteem by a lot
availability of magazines to boys also dropped their self-esteem but not by as much

46
Q

what are gender roles

A

popular conceptions of gender, which may influence behaviour
socialization of children to act in sex-stereotyped ways

47
Q

what are sex differences

A

actual differences between males and females in personality traits

48
Q

what has research found to be common traits of masculinity

A

instrumentality
assertiveness
dominance

49
Q

what has research found to be common traits of femininity

A

nurturance
emotional expression
empathy

50
Q

true or false; masculinity was only found in men and femininity was only found in women

A

false; either gender could be high in either

51
Q

what are gender schemata

A

cognitive orientations that lead people to process info through a sex-linked perspective

52
Q

what are the modern names for masculinity and femininity

A

instrumentality
expressiveness

53
Q

what relationship was found between genes and sex typical behaviours?

A

variance in gender-typical behaviour is partly due to genes
there are genes for sex typical behaviours, but not necessarily linked to biological sex

54
Q

what are the stereotypes about men

A

instrumental/agentic
aggressive, autonomous, achievement oriented, dominant, exhibitionist, perservering

55
Q

what are the stereotypes about women?

A

communal
affiliative, deferent, nurturant, self-abasing

56
Q

what are some facts about stereotypes and gender

A

consistent across culture
converge with actual sex differences but exaggerated

57
Q

what are the 3 components of gender stereotypes

A

cognitive
affective
behavioural

58
Q

what is the cognitive component of gender stereotypes

A

the social category you can fit in based on your gender

59
Q

what is the affective component of gender stereotypes

A

the +ve or -ve feelings that results from categorization based on gender

60
Q

what is the behavioural component of gender stereotypes

A

treating people differently based on their gender category

61
Q

what is an example of a cognitive component?

A

dads
soccer moms

62
Q

what is an example of an affective component?

A

sexism
preference of one gender over the other

63
Q

what is an example of a behavioural component?

A

job discrimination

64
Q

what may be the explanation for prejudice against women as leaders

A

incongruity between the gender stereotype and leader role stereotype
leads to lower evaluations of women as potential leaders

65
Q

what are the different theories that explain gender differences

A

socialization theory
hormonal theories

66
Q

what is socialization theory

A

boys and girls are raised differently

67
Q

what is support for socialization theory

A

fits with Bandura’s social learning theory
parents encourage dependency in girls more
parents have more physical play with boys
socialization differences are replicated across cultures

68
Q

what is bandura’s social learning theory

A

children observe and learn from same-sex parent

69
Q

what are the limitations of socialization theory

A

why are they raised differently
why does it replicate across cultures
can’t account for gender dysphoria

70
Q

what is Gender Gate Theory

A

children’s gender is fluid before the age of 2

71
Q

who proposed gender gate theory

A

Dr. Money

72
Q

what happened to Bruce Reimer

A

assigned female at birth because of botched circumcision
still showed stereotypically boy behaviour in childhood
eventually identified as a man again once told the truth

73
Q

what are the hormonal theories

A

sex differences are due to hormonal differences that begin in utero

74
Q

what is congenital adrenal hyperlasia

A

female fetuses have an overactive adrenal gland that hormonally masculizes them

75
Q

what toys do children with CAH usually prefer? is this supported by the literature?

A

prefer ‘male’ toys
no, inconsistent which are considered boy toys across studies

76
Q

what is evidence for hormonal theories

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia
high testosterone in women linked to;
-more ‘masculine’ careers
-greater dominance
-more disciplinary infractions in prison
high T found in more rambunctious frat boys
high T leads to higher sex drive in both genders

77
Q

true or false; it is usually difficult to know whether a gender difference is biological or socially learned

A

true

78
Q

what was olsen testing

A

whether trans kids show cognitive associations more similar to cis kids of same bio sex or same gender identity

79
Q

what were the results of olsen’s study

A

trans kids show the same cognitive associations as cis kids of the same gender identity

PSYC 305 (15 decks)

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