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PSYC 305 > Culture and Personality > Flashcards

Culture and Personality Flashcards

1
Q

what is culture

A

shared systems of meaning that provide standards of perceiving, believing, evaluating, communnicating, and acting among those who share a language, a historic period, and a geographical location

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2
Q

what is a simple definition of culture?

A

culture is the game rules

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3
Q

true or false; culture is equivalent to race/ethnicity

A

false

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4
Q

what is the anthropological view of culture and personality

A

personality is only culture

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5
Q

what is the modern view of culture and personality

A

personality traits are products of biological and cultural evolution
culture is needed to understand the personality and personality makes up culture

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6
Q

what are possible methods in studying cultural differences in personality

A

lexical approach
combined ETIC/EMIC approach
cognitive perspective approach

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7
Q

what is the lexical approach to studying culture and personality

A

use natural language to study cultural universals/differences in personality

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8
Q

what is found about the big 5 using the lexical approach?

A

they are replicated cross culturally in spain

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9
Q

what is the limitation of the lexical approach

A

assuming that not additional words are describing personality in the other culture, just used the categories established in american culture

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10
Q

what is the combined ETIC/EMIC approach

A

combine ETIC and EMIC approaches

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11
Q

what is the EMIC approach

A

indigenous measures
use the lexical appraoch within the culture to find important personality words

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12
Q

what is the ETIC approach

A

imported measures
use the lexical approach from another culture in the new culture

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13
Q

what are the spanish big 7

A

positive valience
negative valience
conscientiousness
agreeableness
openness
pleasantness
engagement

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14
Q

what is the difference between spanish big 7 and our big 7

A

they are similar categories, but use slightly different words than we would use

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15
Q

what is the new factors that spanish big 7 introduce

A

pleasantness
engagement

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16
Q

what could explain the presence of the new factors in the spanish big 7

A

spanish culture could be more passionate and therefore puts importance on those traits

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17
Q

how is the overlap between spanish +ve valence and imported +ve valence?

A

positively and highly correlated

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18
Q

how is the overlap between spanish -ve valence and imported -ve valience

A

positive and moderately correlated

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19
Q

how is the overlap between agreeableness culturally?

A

positive and highy correlated

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20
Q

how is the overlap between conscientiousness culturally?

A

positively and highly correlated

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21
Q

how is the overlap between openness culturally?

A

low positive correlation

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22
Q

how is the overlap between spanish pleasantness and imported extraversion/neuroticism?

A

high positive correlation with extraversion
moderate negative correlation with neuroticism

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23
Q

how is the overlap between spanish engagement and imported extraversion/neuroticism?

A

moderately postive correlation for both

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24
Q

what are the conclusions of the spanish big 7 studies

A

considerable overlap between the two cultures
openness means something different in spain
pleasantness and engagement replace extraversion and neuroticism
+ve and -ve valence are robust across both cultures

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25
Q

what are the big four cultural syndromes

A

individualism vs collectivism
vertical vs horizontal
uncertainty avoidance
gender socialization

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26
Q

what is individualism

A

self is independent of others
use self-descriptive language

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27
Q

where is individualism usually found?

A

western cultures

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28
Q

what is collectivism

A

self is interdependent with others in your group
use interpersonal roles to describe self

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29
Q

where is collectivism usually found

A

eastern cultures

30
Q

what are criticisms about the collectivist/individualist approach

A

countries used as comparisons
overgeneralization

31
Q

what is the countries of comparison criticism of the collect/ind approach?

A

most evidence compares USA and Japan, but USA is very individualistic and Japan is only moderately collectivistic

32
Q

what is the overgeneralization criticism of the collect/ind approach?

A

ppl in the culture can differ between collect/ind
a singular person can vary in collect/ind depending on the context

33
Q

what are the vertical/horizontal relationships

A

emphasis on hierarchy/status (vertical) vs equality (horizontal)

34
Q

example of country that is vertical and collectivist

A

india

35
Q

example of country that is vertical and individualist

A

USA

36
Q

example of country that is horizontal and individualistic

A

sweden

37
Q

example of country that is horizontal and collectivist

A

Isreali Kibbutz

38
Q

what is uncertainty avoidance

A

tolerance for ambiguity and comfort in unstructured situations (low avoidance) vs strong belief in rules/safety/security (high avoidance)

39
Q

what is gender socialization

A

how enforced gender roles are in the culture

40
Q

what is evoked culture

A

cultural differences that emerge as a result of different environments

41
Q

what are examples of evoked culture

A

egalitarianism because of food supply
culture of honor because of economics

42
Q

how are egalitarianism and food supply related

A

highly variable food supply will lead to a more horizontal culture and vice versa

43
Q

who studied cultures of honor

A

Nisbett

44
Q

what is a culture of honor

A

culture that responds aggressively to insults because of emphasis on reputation

45
Q

how are cultures of honor and economics related? why is this?

A

cultures with herding economics have cultures of honor
prevent thievery
agriculturally based cultures aren’t usually cultures of honor because their whole income is not stolen as easily

46
Q

what is an example of culture of honor

A

Southern USA

47
Q

what did Nisbett’s study find

A

southerners;
-favour violence more
- violence is linked to reputation insults
-have higher testosterone and cortisol when insulted
- have higher implicit associations with violent words

48
Q

what countries tend to have high power distance

A

latin
asian
african

49
Q

what countries tend to have low power distance

A

germanic countries

50
Q

what countries tend to have high uncertainty avoidance

A

latin
japan
german speaking

51
Q

what countries tend to have low uncertainty avoidance

A

anglo
nordic
chinese cultures

52
Q

what countries tend to have high gender socialization

A

japan
germany
austria
switzerland

53
Q

what countries tend to have moderate gender socialization

A

english speaking countries

54
Q

what countries tend to have low gender socialization

A

nordic countries
netherlands
some latin
thailand

55
Q

what Big5 traits are correlated with individualism

A

extraversion (+)

56
Q

what Big5 traits are correlated with power distance

A

extraversion (-)
conscientiousness (+)
openness (-)

57
Q

what Big5 traits are correlated with masculinity

A

openness (+)
neuroticism (+)
agreeableness (-)

58
Q

what Big5 traits are correlated with uncertainty avoidance

A

neuroticism (+)
agreeableness (-)

59
Q

what was the personality profiles of cultures project

A

took uni students from 51 different countries
asked them to rate someone they knew on the NEO-PI-R measure of Big5

60
Q

what is transmitted culture? where do we learn it?

A

culture-specific ideas/values/beliefs that are transmitted to others within the culture
taught in early life through socialization

61
Q

what did Rice and Steele study

A

compared subjective well-being of citizens from 20 nations and SWB of americans with ancestors in those countries

62
Q

what survey did the americans take in Rice and Steele’s study

A

General Social Survey (GSS)

63
Q

what survey did the 20 nations take in Rice and Steele’s study

A

world values survey (WVS)

64
Q

what were the results of Rice and Steele’s study

A

SWB of country of origin was correlated positively with SWB of immigrants
immigrants who went to church at least once a week had more transmitted culture

65
Q

what is biculturalism

A

individuals that have internalized more than one culture

66
Q

what are compatible cultural identities

A

unconflicting identities that co-exist and are complementary to each other that make biculturalism an asset

67
Q

what are oppositional cultural identities

A

conflicting identities that are chosen between and have a dissociation that makes biculturalism a burden

68
Q

what is the cognitive perspective approach to culture

A

culture is a shared meaning system that someone can possess more than one of and can switch between
culture guides behaviour only when meaning-systems are cognitively available accessible and applicable

69
Q

what were the methods of the biculturalism study

A

chinese-americans were primed with US or Chinese cultural meaning systems (or control neutral) and then asked to explain an ambiguous social event
internal attributions were individualistic and external attributions were collectivistic

70
Q

what were the results of the biculturalism study?

A

biculturals have multiple cultural meaning systems and can move between them based on cues
biculturals baseline cognitive attributions fall between the cultures without priming

PSYC 305 (15 decks)

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