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NUTRITION - BIOCHEM > Trace Elements > Flashcards

Trace Elements Flashcards

1
Q

Is RDA for iron in women between 19-50 taking oral contraceptives lower or higher

A

Lower

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2
Q

Is the RDA for iron in women 51+ higher or lower

A

Lower

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3
Q

what food products are good sources of iron?

A

meat and fish, leafy greens, lentils and whole grains
- cooking with iron utensils adds iron to food

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4
Q

why do vegetarians/vegans require more dietary iron?

A

because the iron in plant foods is more difficult to absorb

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5
Q

iron that is part of which group is better absorbed?

A

heme-group

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6
Q

what food is heme-iron found in?

A

meat (hemoglobin in blood and myoglobin in muscle)

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7
Q

what is non-heme iron?

A

any dietary iron that is not bound to the heme group (e.g. plant-based iron).
- This is more difficult to absorb

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8
Q

iron is absorbed in which form?

A

directly in its Fe2+ (ferrous) form or as Heme-bound iron
- easier to absorb

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9
Q

what can enhance the absorption of iron?

A

Acidic foods, stomach acid and Vitamin C

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10
Q

what can prevent absorption of iron?

A

Fibre, phytates, tannins and oxalates can bind iron and prevent its absorption
- as well as other minerals (calcium)

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11
Q

how is iron stored?

A

stored as part of the protein Ferritin in:
- Mucosal Cells
- Liver

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12
Q

how is iron transported?

A

transported as part of the protein Transferrin
- Body cells for use like myoglobin
- Bone marrow for production of RBCs
- RBCs as hemoglobin for transport of O2
- Liver for storage as Ferritin
- RBCs are recycled in the spleen, marrow and liver, allowing the iron to be reused

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13
Q

when can iron be lost?

A
  • When mucosal cells containing ferritin die
  • When blood is lost, results in loss of transferrin and hemoglobin in RBCs
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14
Q

what is iron used for in the body?

A
  • Hemoglobin – delivery of O2 and removal of CO2
  • Myoglobin – storage of O2 in muscle cells
  • Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport Chain Proteins
  • Drug Metabolism – Cytochrome P450 (contains a Heme group)
  • Immune Function
  • Catalase – Protein that protects from oxidative stress by converting H2O2to water and oxygen
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15
Q

does iron deficiency happen fast or slow?

A

slow

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16
Q

what are common symptoms of iron deficiency?

A

fatigue, weakness, headache, decreased work capacity, an inability to maintain body temperature in a cold environment, changes in behavior, decreased resistance to infection, adverse pregnancy outcomes, impaired development in infants, and an increased risk of lead poisoning in young children, [pica]

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17
Q

what’s the normal range for hematocrit for men and women?

A

men: 0.420-0.520
women: 0.370-0.460

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18
Q

what’s the normal range for hemoglobin for men and women?

A

men: 140g/L
women: 123-157 g/L

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19
Q

what’s the normal range for serum iron?

A

11-32 umol/L

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20
Q

what’s the normal range for ferritin?

A

10-250 ug/L

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21
Q

iron toxicity leads to what?

A

increased oxidative stress

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22
Q

what is one of the most common forms of poisoning children?

A

iron toxicity - ACUTE

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23
Q

what is chronic iron toxicity?

A

Iron Overload or hemochromatosis
- Increased iron absorption

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24
Q

what are forms of iron supplementation?

A
  • Iron cookware and utensils
  • Iron consumed with acidic foods and foods with vitamin C (e.g. orange juice) is more readily absorbed
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25
Q

why should dairy consumption be avoided when aiming to increase iron intake?

A

calcium, Ca2+ can interfere with absorption

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26
Q

Iron supplements can interfere with intake of which trace elements?

A

Copper and Zinc

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27
Q

zinc from what sources is better absorbed?

A

meat

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28
Q

what can prevent the absorption of zinc?

A

Phytates in vegetables can bind zinc and prevent its absorption

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29
Q

what is zinc lost in?

A

lost in grain processing and not added back as enrichment

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30
Q

what do Zinc transport proteins regulate?

A

the amount of zinc absorbed in the small intestine

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31
Q

what does Metallothionein proteins regulate?

A

the amount of zinc that moves into the blood from the mucosal cells

32
Q

how is zinc excreted?

A

in the pancreatic and intestinal juices, allowing excess zinc to be removed from the body

33
Q

copper absorption is highly impacted by which trace element?

A

zinc
high zinc = low copper

34
Q

what food products are good sources of copper?

A

Organ meats, seafood, nuts and seeds, whole grains
- Soil content will impact levels in food

35
Q

Free copper can lead to what?

A

oxidative damage, so transported in the blood with albumin

36
Q

where is copper secreted?

A

in the bile, allowing it to be excreted in the feces

37
Q

copper is important in the transport of which element?

A

iron

38
Q

what can prevent oxidative stress with copper?

A

Superoxide dismutase

39
Q

Deficiency is rare in copper but symptoms include:

A
  • anemia (poor iron transport) and
  • connective tissue defects (similar to scurvy due to its role in collagen cross-linking)
40
Q

what food products are the best sources of manganese?

A

whole grains and nuts

41
Q

how is manganese eliminated?

A

in bile

42
Q

Manganese-requiring enzymes are involved in what?

A

amino acid, carbohydrate, and cholesterol metabolism, cartilage formation, urea synthesis, and antioxidant protection

43
Q

manganese is a part of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. t or f

A

t

44
Q

what food products are good sources of selenium?

A

Seafood, animal products, and whole grains (depending on soil content)

45
Q

is absorption regulated in selenium?

A

no, excess selenium is excreted in the urine

46
Q

selenium is a part of selenoproteins (proteins with selenium). t or f

A

t
Glutathione peroxidase is an example
Protects from oxidative stress by neutralizing peroxides

47
Q

selenium is needed for the synthesis of which hormone?

A

thyroid hormones

48
Q

what does a deficiency in selenium look like?

A
  • Muscular discomfort and weakness
  • Keshen disease
    Enlarged heart and poor heart function
49
Q

what does selenium toxicity look like?

A

Changes in fingernail structure and hair loss

50
Q

where is iodine found in?

A

sea water

51
Q

is the RDA for iodine high or low during pregnancy and lactation?

A

higher

52
Q

what food products are a good source of iodine?

A
  • Seafood and plants grown near the sea would be high in iodine
  • Plants grown far from the sea have low iodine in their soil
  • Can also make it into our food from additives in cattle feed and disinfectants that contain iodine
53
Q

Salt sold for household use must be fortified with what?

A

iodine (iodized salt)

54
Q

iodine is used in the synthesis of what hormone?

A

thyroid hormone
- Thyroid hormones are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine

55
Q

where is fluoride present?

A

in low amount in almost all soil, water, plants and animals

56
Q

what food product is a good source of fluoride?

A

tea

57
Q

In the body, fluoride associates with calcium and helps protect what?

A

protect teeth from cavities by making the enamel more resistant to acids

58
Q

deficiency in fluoride can increase the risk of what?

A

tooth decay

59
Q

high doses of fluoride can lead to what?

A

fluorosis

60
Q

When do symptoms occur from iron deficiency?

A

When it reaches iron deficiency anemia

61
Q

Tx for iron toxicity

A

Replacing blood, or removing blood from the body

62
Q

The more zinc you consume, doesn’t mean it’s gonna get into the blood. T or F

A

T

63
Q

Zinc is a cofactors for over 300 enzymes, and helps reduce

A

Oxidative stress as a cofactor in superoxide dismutase

64
Q

Zinc in DNA binding proteins

A

Many hormones bind to proteins w zinc fingers, meaning deficiency can have widespread effects on the body

65
Q

Zinc deficiency usually occurs in those with

A

A mutation in a zinc transporter
Those consuming diets low in protein or high in phytates

66
Q

Cause of copper toxicity

A

due to contaminated water supplies or water/food stored in copper

67
Q

How is absorption inversely associated with intake of manganese

A

More you intake, less you absorb

68
Q

Is the RDA for iodine in pregnancy and lactation higher or lower

A

Higher

69
Q

Iodine can make it into our food from additives in

A

Cattle feed an disinfectants that contain iodine

70
Q

Synthesis of thyroid hormone from iodine regulate gene expression of proteins involved in:

A

Protein synthesis
Basal metabolic rate
Growth and development

71
Q

Thyroid stimulated hormone (TSH) in Iodine

A

Released when hormone levels drop
Causes thyroid hormone to synthesis more, enlarging it and taking it more iodine

72
Q

What leads to enlargement of the thyroid gland with iodine deficiency

A

Iodine deficiency means no thyroid hormones are being made and TSH keeps getting released , leading to enlargement of the thyroid gland

73
Q

Iodine deficiency leads to the development of

A

Goiter

74
Q

Iodine hormones are needed for growth and development in

A

Pregnancy and lactation

75
Q

What can happen if iodine is deficient in pregnancy and lactation

A

Still birth, abortion, cretinism in children

76
Q

What are goitrogens

A

Substances in food that limits iodine bioavailability (cabbage, cassava, millet)

NUTRITION - BIOCHEM (22 decks)

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