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NUTRITION - BIOCHEM > Review of digestion and metabolism > Flashcards

Review of digestion and metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

atoms form molecules which make up:

A

proteins and lipids that form cells and tissues and the glucose that is used for energy

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2
Q

how do humans get atoms?

A

Since we cant make atoms or create energy we have to get them from other sources

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3
Q

what does the GI tract consist of?

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine and the anus

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4
Q

what body processes take place in the GI tract?

A

Digestion, absorption and excretion

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5
Q

what is transit time?

A

The amount of time it takes food to pass the length of the GI tract

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6
Q

what do feces consist of?

A

waste including unabsorbed food residue, bacteria and dead cells that leave the body

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7
Q

when does digestion begin?

A

as soon as the food enters the mouth

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8
Q

what does saliva do in digestion?

A

lubricates food with the enzyme amylase which breaks down carbs in the mouth

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9
Q

in the stomach, gastric juice is released which contains:

A
  • HCL (acidifying the stomach)
  • Pepsinogen, inactive form of the enzyme pepsin

Once activated by HCL pepsin begins breaking down proteins

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10
Q

in children, what enzyme is released and what does it do?

A

renin
- helps digest milk

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11
Q

what churns the stomach content aiding in digestion?

A

powerful stomach muscles

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12
Q

when does chyme leave the stomach?

A

After 2-6 hours and enters the small intestine

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13
Q

in the small intestine, the pancreas releases:

A
  • Bicarbonate (neutralizes acidic chyme)
  • Enzymes that further break down carbs, proteins and lipids
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14
Q

what does the gallbladder release?

A

bile salts

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15
Q

what does the gall bladder do in the digestion process?

A

Emulsify lipids, separating them into smaller fat droplets which are more soluble and accessible to enzymes

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16
Q

where does most absorption occur?

A

small intestine

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17
Q

how long is the small intestine?

A

6 metres

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18
Q

what 2 things increase there SA of the small intestine?

A

Villi and microvilli

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19
Q

Single sugars, amino acids and short chain fatty acids enter where?

A

portal vein and go to the liver

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20
Q

where do Long chain fatty acids enter?

A

lymphatic system and go directly into the bloodstream

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21
Q

how long does it take chyme to move through the small intestine?

A

3-5 hours

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22
Q

where do unabsorbed materials enter (since they do not go in small intestine)?

A

large intestine

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23
Q

does the large or small intestine contain gut microbiome (large bacterial population)?

A

large

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24
Q

gut bacteria break down unabsorbed food and can produce:

A

beneficial compounds for the body

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25
Q

Biological material will stay in the large intestine for how many hours before being excreted?

A

24-36

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26
Q

the GI tract acts as a barrier to what?

A

the outside world, inside your body

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27
Q

The immune system is interconnected within the GI tract to prevent pathogens from entering body (phagocytes such as macrophages and lymphocytes such as B cells and T cells are present below the mucosa). T or F

A

T

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28
Q

how does a food allergy occur?

A

when the immune system reacts to a protein in our food and triggers an immune response

29
Q

what percentage of Canadians have a food allergy?

A

7%

30
Q

Celiac disease is an example of a food allergy due to an immune response to what?

A

wheat protein gluten

31
Q

what is the benefit of commensal bacterial in the gut?

A

help fight pathogens by competing for nutrients

32
Q

The human gut contains an entire ecosystem of microorganisms. T or F

A

T

33
Q

what diseases have been been linked with gut microbiota?

A

Obesity, cancer, inflammation, CVD, liver disease

34
Q

what’s the difference in the microbiome a baby has being born vaginally and C section?

A

vaginally:
- have an initial microbiome that resembles the mothers vaginal microbiome

C section:
- have a microbiome that resembles the mothers skin microbiome

35
Q

what people would have greater quantity and variation in gut bacteria?

A

those who are lean

36
Q

what people harbour more pro inflammatory species?

A

Those with lower bacterial numbers (and higher BMI)

37
Q

what is lactase?

A

enzyme found in the small intestine that can break down lactose

38
Q

when is lactase highly expressed?

A

during infancy but typically decreases as child transitions to solid foods

38
Q

If the amount of lactase in the small intestine is insufficient to handle the lactose in the diet, some lactose will escape and enter where?

A

large intestine where bacteria will use it for energy

39
Q

what contributes to the autoimmune response in T1D?

A

A bacterial protein has a similar sequence to the human insulin epitope

This bacteria may contribute an immune response to insulin and T1D onset

40
Q

when we eat, what enters the blood supply from the intestines? And what organ do they get to first?

A

glucose, fatty acids and amino acids
- liver bc of portal vein

41
Q

nutrients are used in 3 different ways:

A
  • Broken down for energy (catabolism)
  • Used to make new molecules (anabolism)
  • Stored for later use
42
Q

The energy obtained from breaking down glucose amino acids and fatty acids is converted to what?

A

ATP

43
Q

ATP contains high energy bonds that when broken down, release energy that can be used to:

A
  • Synthesize new molecules
  • Fuel cellular and bodily functions
44
Q

Glucose is used in 3 diff ways:

A
  • Oxidized for energy
  • Stored for later energy use as glycogen (carbs) or triglyceride (lipid)
  • Used to make new molecules
45
Q

what is the most important energy source?

A

glucose
- brain an RBC use glucose for energy

46
Q

amino acids (protein) are used in 3 diff ways:

A
  • Oxidized for energy
  • Used to make new proteins or molecules
  • Cannot be stored, all protein is functional
47
Q

fats are used in 3 diff ways:

A
  • Oxidized for energy
  • Stored for later energy use as Triglyceride (lipid) in adipose tissue
  • Used to make new molecules
48
Q

once in the cells, nutrients are converted to what?

A

energy

49
Q

what is Acetyl-CoA?

A

is the hub of energy production in the cell

50
Q

Oxidation of macronutrients produces _________ which is exhaled by the lungs

A

carbon dioxide

51
Q

Deamination of amino acids produces ammonium, nitrogenous waste is filtered out by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. T or F

A

T

52
Q

glucose levels in the blood must remain ______ to keep body processes functioning by supplying energy to the brain and RBCs

A

near constant

53
Q

Substances are metabolized differently depending on:

A

how long it has been since a meal

54
Q

in the fasting state, are blood glucose levels high or low?

A

low

55
Q

glucagon is released from the pancreas in response to what?

A

low blood glucose levels and insulin is decreased

56
Q

how is energy supply maintained?

A

Fatty acids are broken down, providing energy to tissues that do not rely on glucose

57
Q

what is Glycogenolysis?

A

Liver stores of glycogen are converted to glucose but are limited
This supply is used first

58
Q

what is Gluconeogenesis?

A

The use of non carbohydrate sources to produce glucose, this process ramps up as glycogen stores are being depleted

59
Q

what can be used as precursors for glucose?

A

Glycerol, lactate and amino acids

60
Q

Proteins are broken down and instead of being remade, what are used for energy?

A

amino acids

61
Q

what are ketone bodies produced by?

A

the liver from fatty acids as an alternative energy source for some tissues

62
Q

in what individuals is an intermittent fasting diet beneficial?

A

individuals with metablic syndrome

63
Q

During a prolonged fasted state, are blood glucose levels low or high?

A

remain low, glycogen has been depleted an there is limited excess protein to break down

64
Q

what is the goal for the body in the starvation period?

A

maintain an energy supply for essential tissues, the brain and RBCs

65
Q

why do ketone bodies build up in the blood?

A

from the breakdown of fatty acids

  • once concentration gets high enough, the brain will begin using them for energy in addition to the limited glucose available
66
Q

when does death occur from starvation?

A

When about 40% of body weight is lost
- BMI women=11
- BMI men=13
30-50% protein loss, 70-95% of fat depleted

67
Q

how is the metabolic state of an individual determined?

A

Blood and urine levels of the different substances are used

NUTRITION - BIOCHEM (22 decks)

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