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NUTRITION - BIOCHEM > Nutrition in Pregnancy, Lactation, Infancy and Childhood > Flashcards

Nutrition in Pregnancy, Lactation, Infancy and Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

a fertilized egg (zygote) travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus where it implants into the:

A

uterine lining

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2
Q

the cells of the embryo begin to differentiate, arrange themselves and begin organ development at what stage of development?

A

During the embryonic stage of development (2-8 weeks)

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3
Q

during which stage of development does the fetus continue to grow, developing the internal and external organ structures?

A

fetal stage of development

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4
Q

what is the placenta?

A

an organ that develops during pregnancy to facilitate transfer of nutrients to the growing fetus and the removal of waste products
- It is made up of maternal and fetal tissue

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5
Q

does the maternal and fetal supply mix?

A

no

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6
Q

how does the placenta aid in nutrient transfer?

A

placenta brings fetal and material blood in close enough proximity to allow nutrient transfer

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7
Q

what does the placenta release?

A

hormones that are needed to maintain pregnancy

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8
Q

what series of changes does the body go through to support pregnancy?

A

weight gain associated with fetal growth and development, but also additional energy stores

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9
Q

how much wt loss is there in birth?

A

Birth is associated with ~5 kg (~10 lbs) of weight is leaving the body

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10
Q

what is the normal wt gain in someone that’s underweight in pregnancy?

A

13-18kg (28-40lbs)

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11
Q

what is the normal wt gain in someone that’s normal weight in pregnancy?

A

11.5-16kg (25-35lbs)

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12
Q

what is the normal wt gain in someone that’s overweight in pregnancy?

A

7-11.5kg (15-25lbs)

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13
Q

what is the normal wt gain in someone that’s obese in pregnancy?

A

5-9kg (11-20lbs)

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14
Q

Too little weight gain is associated with what risk factors for baby?

A
  • low birth weight or pre-term birth
  • increases in the child’s risk of developing heart disease or diabetes later in life
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15
Q

Too much weight gain is associated with what risk factors for mom and baby?

A
  • high blood pressure
  • Diabetes
  • difficult delivery and Caesarean section
  • infants who are Large-for-gestational-age
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16
Q

what percentage of people experience high BP during pregnancy?

A

5-10%
- 30% are related to pre-existing chronic hypertension

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17
Q

what is gestational hypertension?

A

an abnormal rise in blood pressure that occurs after the 20th week of pregnancy

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18
Q

what can gestational hypertension be a signal of?

A

pre-eclampsia

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19
Q

what is gestational diabetes mellitus?

A

Consistently elevated blood glucose level during pregnancy in a person without previously diagnosed diabetes

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20
Q

GDM occurs in what percentage of pregnancies?

A

3-20%

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21
Q

what people is GDM most common in?

A

obese individuals

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22
Q

what does GDM increase ur risk for?

A

type 2 diabetes later in life

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23
Q

The intrauterine environment can have long-reaching impacts on what?

A

fetal development and the incidence of chronic disease such as obesity, metabolic, cardiovascular and malignant diseases

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24
Q

Accumulating evidence suggests that fetal overnutrition (and similarly undernutrition) lead to what?

A

persistent epigenetic changes in developmentally important genes, influencing neuroendocrine functions, energy homeostasis and metabolism

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25
Q

what are the vital nutrients during pregnancy?

A

Zinc
Iron
Folate

26
Q

A small amount of extra energy is needed during pregnancy and lactation, what is the recommended amount in the first trimester?

A

no additional kcal/day needed

27
Q

A small amount of extra energy is needed during pregnancy and lactation, what is the recommended amount in the second trimester?

A

350 kcal/day

28
Q

A small amount of extra energy is needed during pregnancy and lactation, what is the recommended amount in the third trimester?

A

450 kcal/day

29
Q

what are Teratogens?

A

subatances of chemical or biological origin that can cause birth defects
- Different organ systems are particularly susceptible at different times

30
Q

what is the most common birth defect?

A

Systolic ejection murmur

31
Q

birth defects effect what ratio of pregnancies?

A

1 in 1000

32
Q

The Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program (CPNP) provides funding for what?

A

community groups to help to improve the health of pregnant women, new mothers and their babies, who face challenges that put their health at risk

33
Q

CPNP provides funding for which factors that put health at risk during pregnancy?

A

Poverty
Teen pregnancy
Social and geographic isolation
Substance use
Family violence

34
Q

Nutritional needs during pregnancy include the preparation of the body for lactation. t or f

A

t

35
Q

are nutrient needs higher during lactation or pregnancy?

A

lactation

36
Q

what is lactation and what does it involve?

A

involves the synthesis of milk components, including protein, lactose and lipids, and the movement of the milk through the milk ducts to the nipple.

37
Q

what is colostrum?

A

Colostrum is immature milk, secreted during the first days after delivery
- Colostrum is rich in protein and immune factors.

38
Q

do infants or adults require a high percentage of fat?

A

infants

39
Q

do infants or adults require more protein?

A

Infants require almost double the amount of protein

40
Q

water intake is critical for nutritional needs in infancy. t or f

A

t

41
Q

Breastmilk includes most nutrients needed for infant growth, but supplementation is needed for:

A

vitamin D and K

42
Q

when is Vitamin B12 supplementation needed for infants?

A

needed for infants of individuals following a vegan dietary pattern

43
Q

why are iron-rich foods needed at 6-months of age once infant iron stores are depleted?

A

Breast milk is a poor source of iron

44
Q

Fluoride supplementation is recommended at 6 months of age in breast-fed infants. t or f

A

t

45
Q

what is growth defined as?

A

a measurable change in body size due to 2 underlying cellular processes

46
Q

what are the cellular processes that involve growth?

A

Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Accretion

47
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

increase in cell number

48
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

increase in cell size

49
Q

what is accretion?

A

increase in intercellular substances

50
Q

what is undernutrition?

A

wt for age

51
Q

what is stunting?

A

length for age

52
Q

what is wasting?

A

weight for length. BMI for age

53
Q

what is over nutrition?

A

weight for length, BMI for age

54
Q

when should infant formula be introduced to infant?

A

after 6-months of age

55
Q

Children who were breastfed score higher on IQ tests. t or f

A

t

56
Q

does the size of the breast matter?

A

Whatever size a breast is, it will produce enough milk for baby

57
Q

why is breastfeeding good for mothers?

A
  • can help mothers lose weight
  • may reduce the risk of some cancers
  • can help mothers bond with their babies
58
Q

after 6 months of breastfeeding, what should infants be consuming?

A

babies need additional solid food, but continue to benefit from the nutrients in breast milk

59
Q

study found women most likely to breastfeed for the first 6 months were those who:

A

have partners
do not smoke during pregnancy
deliver in their home
do not work

60
Q

BMI is used after what age?

A

after 2 years of age to account for body changes due to puberty

61
Q

what are Nutrition and Health Concerns in Children?

A
  • Dental Caries (Cavities)
  • Food Allergies
  • Diet and Hyperactivity
    Evidence is mixed and weak overall
  • Childhood Obesity
    The impact of screen time
    Advertising
    Types of ads shown during
    Saturday morning child
    programs >

NUTRITION - BIOCHEM (22 decks)

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