Nutrition in Pregnancy, Lactation, Infancy and Childhood Flashcards
a fertilized egg (zygote) travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus where it implants into the:
uterine lining
the cells of the embryo begin to differentiate, arrange themselves and begin organ development at what stage of development?
During the embryonic stage of development (2-8 weeks)
during which stage of development does the fetus continue to grow, developing the internal and external organ structures?
fetal stage of development
what is the placenta?
an organ that develops during pregnancy to facilitate transfer of nutrients to the growing fetus and the removal of waste products
- It is made up of maternal and fetal tissue
does the maternal and fetal supply mix?
no
how does the placenta aid in nutrient transfer?
placenta brings fetal and material blood in close enough proximity to allow nutrient transfer
what does the placenta release?
hormones that are needed to maintain pregnancy
what series of changes does the body go through to support pregnancy?
weight gain associated with fetal growth and development, but also additional energy stores
how much wt loss is there in birth?
Birth is associated with ~5 kg (~10 lbs) of weight is leaving the body
what is the normal wt gain in someone that’s underweight in pregnancy?
13-18kg (28-40lbs)
what is the normal wt gain in someone that’s normal weight in pregnancy?
11.5-16kg (25-35lbs)
what is the normal wt gain in someone that’s overweight in pregnancy?
7-11.5kg (15-25lbs)
what is the normal wt gain in someone that’s obese in pregnancy?
5-9kg (11-20lbs)
Too little weight gain is associated with what risk factors for baby?
- low birth weight or pre-term birth
- increases in the child’s risk of developing heart disease or diabetes later in life
Too much weight gain is associated with what risk factors for mom and baby?
- high blood pressure
- Diabetes
- difficult delivery and Caesarean section
- infants who are Large-for-gestational-age
what percentage of people experience high BP during pregnancy?
5-10%
- 30% are related to pre-existing chronic hypertension
what is gestational hypertension?
an abnormal rise in blood pressure that occurs after the 20th week of pregnancy
what can gestational hypertension be a signal of?
pre-eclampsia
what is gestational diabetes mellitus?
Consistently elevated blood glucose level during pregnancy in a person without previously diagnosed diabetes
GDM occurs in what percentage of pregnancies?
3-20%
what people is GDM most common in?
obese individuals
what does GDM increase ur risk for?
type 2 diabetes later in life
The intrauterine environment can have long-reaching impacts on what?
fetal development and the incidence of chronic disease such as obesity, metabolic, cardiovascular and malignant diseases
Accumulating evidence suggests that fetal overnutrition (and similarly undernutrition) lead to what?
persistent epigenetic changes in developmentally important genes, influencing neuroendocrine functions, energy homeostasis and metabolism
what are the vital nutrients during pregnancy?
Zinc
Iron
Folate
A small amount of extra energy is needed during pregnancy and lactation, what is the recommended amount in the first trimester?
no additional kcal/day needed
A small amount of extra energy is needed during pregnancy and lactation, what is the recommended amount in the second trimester?
350 kcal/day
A small amount of extra energy is needed during pregnancy and lactation, what is the recommended amount in the third trimester?
450 kcal/day
what are Teratogens?
subatances of chemical or biological origin that can cause birth defects
- Different organ systems are particularly susceptible at different times
what is the most common birth defect?
Systolic ejection murmur
birth defects effect what ratio of pregnancies?
1 in 1000
The Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program (CPNP) provides funding for what?
community groups to help to improve the health of pregnant women, new mothers and their babies, who face challenges that put their health at risk
CPNP provides funding for which factors that put health at risk during pregnancy?
Poverty
Teen pregnancy
Social and geographic isolation
Substance use
Family violence
Nutritional needs during pregnancy include the preparation of the body for lactation. t or f
t
are nutrient needs higher during lactation or pregnancy?
lactation
what is lactation and what does it involve?
involves the synthesis of milk components, including protein, lactose and lipids, and the movement of the milk through the milk ducts to the nipple.
what is colostrum?
Colostrum is immature milk, secreted during the first days after delivery
- Colostrum is rich in protein and immune factors.
do infants or adults require a high percentage of fat?
infants
do infants or adults require more protein?
Infants require almost double the amount of protein
water intake is critical for nutritional needs in infancy. t or f
t
Breastmilk includes most nutrients needed for infant growth, but supplementation is needed for:
vitamin D and K
when is Vitamin B12 supplementation needed for infants?
needed for infants of individuals following a vegan dietary pattern
why are iron-rich foods needed at 6-months of age once infant iron stores are depleted?
Breast milk is a poor source of iron
Fluoride supplementation is recommended at 6 months of age in breast-fed infants. t or f
t
what is growth defined as?
a measurable change in body size due to 2 underlying cellular processes
what are the cellular processes that involve growth?
Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Accretion
what is hyperplasia?
increase in cell number
what is hypertrophy?
increase in cell size
what is accretion?
increase in intercellular substances
what is undernutrition?
wt for age
what is stunting?
length for age
what is wasting?
weight for length. BMI for age
what is over nutrition?
weight for length, BMI for age
when should infant formula be introduced to infant?
after 6-months of age
Children who were breastfed score higher on IQ tests. t or f
t
does the size of the breast matter?
Whatever size a breast is, it will produce enough milk for baby
why is breastfeeding good for mothers?
- can help mothers lose weight
- may reduce the risk of some cancers
- can help mothers bond with their babies
after 6 months of breastfeeding, what should infants be consuming?
babies need additional solid food, but continue to benefit from the nutrients in breast milk
study found women most likely to breastfeed for the first 6 months were those who:
have partners
do not smoke during pregnancy
deliver in their home
do not work
BMI is used after what age?
after 2 years of age to account for body changes due to puberty
what are Nutrition and Health Concerns in Children?
- Dental Caries (Cavities)
- Food Allergies
- Diet and Hyperactivity
Evidence is mixed and weak overall - Childhood Obesity
The impact of screen time
Advertising
Types of ads shown during
Saturday morning child
programs >
