Nutrition in Adolescence, Adulthood and the Elderly Flashcards
at what point in life is nutrient needed the most?
adolescence
why is the need for nutrients high in adolescence?
due to rapid growth
why is iron important for females?
due to loss in menstruation
what minerals are highly needed in adolescence?
calcium and zinc
do males or females develop greater lean body mass?
males
- females develop more adipose mass
Adipose tissue is an endocrine tissues and secretes hormones. t or f
t
adipose tissue expresses what enzyme?
aromatase, involved in the production of estrogen
Increased adiposity in young females is associated with what?
early onset of puberty
how does leptin (adipokine) contribute to the increased production of estrogen?
can stimulate the expression of the protein kisspeptin, which stimulate the release of GnRH, contributing to the increased production of estrogen
based on CCHS findings, males and females aged 9 to 18 did not have adequate intake of which vitamin?
vitamin A
based on CCHS findings, females 14 to 18 had low intake of which vitamins?
B6, folate, and B12
12% of adolescent females were not meeting the requirements of which mineral?
iron
70% of females aged 9 to 13 years and 30% of males aged 14 to 18 years were not meeting their requirements for which mineral?
calcium
15% of females aged 9 to 13 and 20% of females aged 14 to 18 were not meeting the requirements of which mineral?
zinc
Vegetarianism or Veganism may be adopted in which years of life?
teen years
Milk consumption tends to decrease during which period of life?
adolescence
smoking increases the need for nutrients such as what vitamin?
vitamin C, due to oxidative stress from tobacco use
how does alcohol consumption impact nutrient intake?
alters the absorption and metabolism of nutrients, it also replaces calories from nutritious foods
what is aging?
Aging is a process that occurs throughout life
As organisms become older, what happens to the cells?
the number of cells they contain decreases, and the function of the remaining cells declines
As tissues and organs lose cells, what happens to homeostasis?
the ability of the organism to maintain homeostasis decreases
what is life expectancy determined by?
by a combination of genetics, lifestyle and environmental factors
Exposure to damage, ability to repair and replace damaged cells influence aging. t or f
t
The only proven method to extend longevity is:
calorie restriction (CR)
- no long-term studies in humans
who’s life expectancy is the longest in the world?
The Okinawans of Japan
- consume a nutrient-dense diet
what is the average life expectancy?
about 78 years
- but only about 69 of these years are disease and disability-free
what is compression of morbidity?
refers to the delaying of onset of the symptoms of disease so that they take up less of later life
- This would increase the health of the aging population and spare the healthcare system
what nutrient supplementation is required in older adults?
Vitamin B6 and B12
Vitamin D, Calcium and Magnesium
Anti-oxidants (Vitamin C and E)
Iron needs in females decrease due to menopause
what physiological changes that occur with aging?
Sensory decline
Macular degeneration
Cataracts
Periodontal disease
Atrophic gastritis
Decline in size and functioning of liver and kidneys
Alzheimer’s disease
Reduced hormone levels
Decrease in mobility
Dementia
Increase in body fat, decrease in lean body tissue
Immune function and underlying illness
Above age 60 there is sensory decline leading to:
impaired taste and smell
- A decrease in the amount of saliva also contributes to this decreased sense
do to sensory decline, thirst sense is decreased, leading to a risk of what?
increasing the risk of dehydration
how can sensory decline be prevented?
Regular consumption of antioxidant-rich food throughout adulthood
Periodontal disease may impact what?
chewing and swallowing
how does Periodontal disease decrease food intake in older adults?
Stomachs empty slower, allowing older adults to feel full longer and decreasing food intake
10-30% of adults over 50 have what condition?
ATROPHIC GASTRITIS
- in 40% of ppl over age of 80
Decreased motility and elasticity of the large intestine, along with low fibre and liquid intake can result in:
constipation
how do pharmaceuticals effect food intake?
can decrease nutrient absorption, and food can enhance or inhibit the absorption and metabolism of medications
Body composition shifts to a greater percentage of:
fat
Decreased strength and endurance affect what?
mobility and balance
how does sickness affect nutrient intake?
limits nutrient intake and absorption, this in turn affects the body’s ability to mount an immune response
does decreased Basal metabolic rate mean that fewer or higher calories are needed?
fewer
- but the same or increased amount of nutrients
CCHS Study of Health-promoting factors:
Never smoked daily/quit for 15 years or more
Not obese (i.e., BMI <30)
Sleeps well
Fruit/vegetable consumption five or more times/daily
Good oral health
Frequent walker
Frequent social participation
Low daily stress
Physical activity can delay the onset of what neurodegenerative conditions?
Alzheimer’s and dementia
A multidomain approach that includes what has demonstrated improvements or maintenance of cognitive function?
diet, exercise, cognitive training and vascular risk monitoring
Cohort studies have shown that the MIND dietary pattern can do what?
delay cognitive decline
- but recent clinical trials have not shown an effect
Depression in the elderly can lead to what?
malnutrition
SCREEN-3, -8, -14 to identify at risk individuals of depression. t or f
t
Regular exercise can help reduce what?
incidence of chronic disease and maintain mobility, bone and muscle mass and importantly, independence
Canadians with increased social participation demonstrated greater what?
physical, psychological, social and self-rated wellness
