Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUTRITION - BIOCHEM > Minerals and Bone Health > Flashcards

Minerals and Bone Health Flashcards

1
Q

minerals are inorganic elements. t or f

A

t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

can minerals be destroyed?

A

NO, they are very stable, cannot be destroyed by heat, oxygen or acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the main difference between minerals and trace elements?

A

minerals are needed in amounts greater than 100mg/day (make up more than 0.01% of body wt), whereas trace elements are needed in a much smaller amount of less than 100 mg/day (make up less than 0.01% of body wt)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

can minerals be lost?

A

yes (ex, if you remove skin from a veggie, minerals in the skin will be lost”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do supplements provide?

A

a source of single or multiple minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

can minerals prevent the absorption of others?

A

yes (ex, calcium can prevent absorption of iron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

can minerals serve as cofactors for enzymes and help stabilize molecules?

A

yes (don’t change just stabilize)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

minerals provide structure and support such as bone and teeth. t or f

A

t
can also serve a regulatory function in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the process of mineral cofactors binding?

A
  1. the mineral cofactor combines with the incomplete enzyme to form the active enzyme
  2. the active enzyme binds to the molecules involved in the chemical reaction (compounds A an B) and accelerates their transformation into the final products (products A an B)
  3. The final products are released, while the enzyme remains unchanged
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are all the main minerals in the diet?

A

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and sulfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what food products are good sources of calcium?

A

canned fish, fruits, veggies and plant based proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when does passive transport occur in calcium?

A

primarily when calcium intake is high
(does not require ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when happens in active transport of calcium?

A

-vitamin D triggers expression of a calcium transporter in the mucosal cells
-leads to more calcium absorbed from dietary intake
(requires ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the process of vitamin D brings more calcium into bloodstream?

A
  1. vitamin D turns on the synthesis of calcium transport proteins
  2. calcium transport proteins shuttle calcium across the mucosal cell
  3. a calcium pump that requires energy moves calcium from the mucosal cells to the bloodstream
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what percentage of calcium do infants absorb?

A

60%, they absorb extra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what percentage of calcium do young adults absorb?

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why do older adults have decreased calcium absorption?

A

low levels of vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why is calcium absorption decreased in women post menopause?

A

because of low estrogen levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how much calcium is absorbed in pregnancy?

A

50% because estrogen levels are higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the main function of calcium?

A

necessary in promoting blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where is most calcium in the body stored?

A

99% in the bone, 1% in the rest of the body is critical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the main functions of calcium?

A

-regulates muscle contraction
-important for BP - decreased BP (regulating contraction of blood vessels)
-regulates enzyme activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the 2 hormones that regulate blood calcium levels?

A

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

which hormone is expressed when blood calcium levels are high?

A

thyroid gland releases calcitonin, this triggers storage of calcium
- deposits calcium and rebuilds bone structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

calcitonin acts on the kidneys to do what?

A

prevent them from retaining calcium allowing it to be excreted

26
Q

which hormone is expressed when blood calcium levels are low?

A

parathyroid gland releases the parathyroid hormone
- breaks down the bone to bring calcium back into the blood
- results in activation of vitamin D, can increase absorption in the kidneys

27
Q

what happens to calcium absorption without vitamin D?

A

increase reuptake in kidneys and increase breakdown of bone

28
Q

what is the purpose of osteoblasts?

A

bone deposition, builds the bone

29
Q

what is the purpose of osteoclasts?

A

break down bone tissue to release calcium (bone resorption)

30
Q

bones are broken down overtime and re build to maintain calcium levels. t or f

A

t

31
Q

which bone does calcium mainly get stored?

A

trabecular bone (spongy)
- high SA

32
Q

what does calcium deficiency result in?

A

loss of bone mass/density

33
Q

what can occur with calcium toxicity?

A

-kidney stones (formed from calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate)
-can interfere with iron, zinc, magnesium and phosphorus absorption

34
Q

how does osteoporosis occur?

A

results from loss in the protein matrix and calcium deposits in the bone

35
Q

which bone is most likely to develop osteoporosis?

A

trabecular bone
- at higher risk to lose density and fracture later in life

36
Q

osteoporosis is responsible for what percentage of fractures in ppl over age of 60?

A

80%

37
Q

what influences osteoporosis?

A

-age
-gender
-hormone levels
-genetics
-exercise
-smoking an alcohol use
-diet

38
Q

are men or women more susceptible to osteoporosis?

A

women
- men have better bone mass
- bone loss is accelerated 5 years post menopause

39
Q

where is most phosphorus stored?

A

85% of phosphorus is in bone and teeth
phosphorus makes up 1% of human body weight

39
Q

what is phosphorus typically found as?

A

found bound to O2 as phosphate

40
Q

is it common or rare to be deficient in phosphorus?

A

rare

41
Q

where is phosphorus readily available?

A

GI tract
- 60-70% of dietary phosphate is absorbed

42
Q

Phosphate is part of which molecules in the body

A

-Phospholipids (cell membrane)
-ATP (adenosine triphosphate, energy)
-Creatine phosphate (energy)
-Phosphorylation of proteins (activates/deactivates proteins)
-RNA/DNA
-Regulation pH within a cell

43
Q

deficiency in phosphorus is rare but can lead to what?

A

bone loss (bone is broken down to maintain blood levels)

44
Q

Toxicity is also rare in phosphorus but can lead to:

A

increased bone resorption

45
Q

how many g of magnesium is in an adult human?

A

25 g

46
Q

magnesium is a component of what? and is mainly found in which food?

A

chlorophyll
leafy greens (and whole grains and seeds)

47
Q

what percentage of magnesium is absorbed in the diet?

A

50%

48
Q

can vitamin D increase magnesium absorption?

A

yes, slightly

49
Q

high dietary calcium can decrease magnesium absorption. t or f

A

t

50
Q

what percentage of magnesium is in the bone?

A

65%
- helps to maintain structure

51
Q

Magnesium help stabilize structures in molecules such as

A

ATP

52
Q

magnesium is a cofactors for how many enzymes?

A

> 300 enzymes including the sodium-potassium ATPase pump

53
Q

magnesium is important for which processes?

A

DNA, RNA and protein synthesis

54
Q

how do kidneys regulate magnesium levels?

A

by controlling excretion in the urine

55
Q

what are magnesium deficiencies linked to?

A

osteoporosis, heart disease

56
Q

how can toxicity occur with magnesium?

A

from supplementation or in those with impaired kidney function

57
Q

how is sulfer obtained?

A

from organic molecules such as sulfur containing amino acids and vitamins and some inorganic food additives

58
Q

when is there a deficiency with surfer?

A

when protein needs are not being met

59
Q

What are the sulfer containing amino acids

A

Methionine, cystine

60
Q

What are the sulfer containing vitamins

A

Thiamine, biotin

NUTRITION - BIOCHEM (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions