Toxicology Flashcards
ways to be exposed to a chemical
through gills/lungs, stomach, or skin
through gills/lungs, stomach, or skin
Ways to be exposed to a chemical
Purpose of liver/Kidneys
store, process, and excret unwanted chemicals
store, process, and excret unwanted chemicals
purpose of the liver/kidneys
how toxicants move around the body
through the blood, possibly binding to any number of sites
through the blood, possibly binding to any number of sites
how toxicants move around the body
mechanisms for excretion
urine, feces, respiration, sweat
urine, feces, respiration, sweat
mechanisms for excretion
mechanisms for crossing cell membranes
passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport
passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport
Mechanisms for crossing cell membranes
ideal for crossing cell membranes
small, nonpolar (fat loving), and high concentration.
small, nonpolar (fat loving), and high concentration.
Ideal for crossing cell membranes
pH and absorbtion
the PH of a solution may affect wheter a chemical is polar or non-polar
the PH of a solution may affect wheter a chemical is polar or non-polar
pH and absorbtion
pKa
the pH where the molecule is 50% ionized, below this it is completely ionized
the pH where the molecule is 50% ionized, below this it is completely ionized
pKa
toxicant concentration equilibrium
toxicants bind to a number of sites, including the active site, and are in equilibrium with the amount flowing through the blood.
toxicants bind to a number of sites, including the active site, and are in equilibrium with the amount flowing through the blood.
Toxicant concentration equilibrium
teterogen
Interferes with fetal development
Interferes with fetal development
Teterogen
Mutagen
Causes changes in genes
Causes changes in genes
Mutagen
Carcinogen
Causes Cancer
causes cancer
carcinogen
why we use the effectiveness on 50%
because some individuals are unusualy weak or unusually resistant, we chose a percent with a smaller chance of error.
because some individuals are unusualy weak or unusually resistant, we chose a percent with a smaller chance of error.
why we use 50% effectiveness
EC50
The concentration that effects 50%
The concentration that effects 50%
EC50
IGC50
concentration that inhibits grown in 50%
concentration that inhibits grown in 50%
IGC50
LC50%
Concentration that kills 50%
Concentration that kills 50%
LC50%
LOEL
lowest concentration that has a statistically significantly effect
lowest concentration that has a statistically significantly effect
LOEL
NOEL
highest concentration that doens’t agave a statistically significant effect.
highest concentration that doens’t agave a statistically significant effect.
NOEL
exposure time and concentration
there is a minimum concentration to cause an effect, and the lower the concentration the longer it takes for effects to show
there is a minimum concentration to cause an effect, and the lower the concentration the longer it takes for effects to show
Exposure time and concentration
effects on toxicity
Diet, age/health, hormones, experimental conditions
Diet, age/health, hormones, experimental conditions
Efects on toxicity
concentration tests
static, semistatic, flow through
static, semistatic, flow through
concentration test
static toxicant test
one sample of toxicant is deposited at the begining of the test
one sample of toxicant is deposited at the begining of the test
static toxicant test
semistatic toxicant test
toxicant is added to the system at regular intervals
toxicant is added to the system at regular intervals
semistatic toxicant test
flow through test
toxicant levels are carefullly managed to keep them constatn
toxicant levels are carefullly managed to keep them constatn
flow through test
humane tests for toxcicity
In vetro bioassays, microrganism tests, QSARs
In vetro bioassays, microrganism tests, QSARs
humane tests for toxcicity
in vitro bioassays
tests of toxin on small samples of cells
tests of toxin on small samples of cells
In Vitro Bioassays
Mocrorganism toxin test
exposing microorganisms to toxins and extrapolating the results to animals
exposing microorganisms to toxins and extrapolating the results to animals
microorganism toxin test
quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs)
extrapolating the effects of a chemical based on it’s structure.
extrapolating the effects of a chemical based on it’s structure.
quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs)
