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Environmental Chemistry > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

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1
Q

ways to be exposed to a chemical

A

through gills/lungs, stomach, or skin

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2
Q

through gills/lungs, stomach, or skin

A

Ways to be exposed to a chemical

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3
Q

Purpose of liver/Kidneys

A

store, process, and excret unwanted chemicals

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4
Q

store, process, and excret unwanted chemicals

A

purpose of the liver/kidneys

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5
Q

how toxicants move around the body

A

through the blood, possibly binding to any number of sites

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6
Q

through the blood, possibly binding to any number of sites

A

how toxicants move around the body

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7
Q

mechanisms for excretion

A

urine, feces, respiration, sweat

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8
Q

urine, feces, respiration, sweat

A

mechanisms for excretion

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9
Q

mechanisms for crossing cell membranes

A

passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport

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10
Q

passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport

A

Mechanisms for crossing cell membranes

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11
Q

ideal for crossing cell membranes

A

small, nonpolar (fat loving), and high concentration.

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12
Q

small, nonpolar (fat loving), and high concentration.

A

Ideal for crossing cell membranes

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13
Q

pH and absorbtion

A

the PH of a solution may affect wheter a chemical is polar or non-polar

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14
Q

the PH of a solution may affect wheter a chemical is polar or non-polar

A

pH and absorbtion

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15
Q

pKa

A

the pH where the molecule is 50% ionized, below this it is completely ionized

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16
Q

the pH where the molecule is 50% ionized, below this it is completely ionized

A

pKa

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17
Q

toxicant concentration equilibrium

A

toxicants bind to a number of sites, including the active site, and are in equilibrium with the amount flowing through the blood.

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18
Q

toxicants bind to a number of sites, including the active site, and are in equilibrium with the amount flowing through the blood.

A

Toxicant concentration equilibrium

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19
Q

teterogen

A

Interferes with fetal development

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20
Q

Interferes with fetal development

A

Teterogen

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21
Q

Mutagen

A

Causes changes in genes

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22
Q

Causes changes in genes

A

Mutagen

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23
Q

Carcinogen

A

Causes Cancer

24
Q

causes cancer

A

carcinogen

25
Q

why we use the effectiveness on 50%

A

because some individuals are unusualy weak or unusually resistant, we chose a percent with a smaller chance of error.

26
Q

because some individuals are unusualy weak or unusually resistant, we chose a percent with a smaller chance of error.

A

why we use 50% effectiveness

27
Q

EC50

A

The concentration that effects 50%

28
Q

The concentration that effects 50%

A

EC50

29
Q

IGC50

A

concentration that inhibits grown in 50%

30
Q

concentration that inhibits grown in 50%

A

IGC50

31
Q

LC50%

A

Concentration that kills 50%

32
Q

Concentration that kills 50%

A

LC50%

33
Q

LOEL

A

lowest concentration that has a statistically significantly effect

34
Q

lowest concentration that has a statistically significantly effect

A

LOEL

35
Q

NOEL

A

highest concentration that doens’t agave a statistically significant effect.

36
Q

highest concentration that doens’t agave a statistically significant effect.

A

NOEL

37
Q

exposure time and concentration

A

there is a minimum concentration to cause an effect, and the lower the concentration the longer it takes for effects to show

38
Q

there is a minimum concentration to cause an effect, and the lower the concentration the longer it takes for effects to show

A

Exposure time and concentration

39
Q

effects on toxicity

A

Diet, age/health, hormones, experimental conditions

40
Q

Diet, age/health, hormones, experimental conditions

A

Efects on toxicity

41
Q

concentration tests

A

static, semistatic, flow through

42
Q

static, semistatic, flow through

A

concentration test

43
Q

static toxicant test

A

one sample of toxicant is deposited at the begining of the test

44
Q

one sample of toxicant is deposited at the begining of the test

A

static toxicant test

45
Q

semistatic toxicant test

A

toxicant is added to the system at regular intervals

46
Q

toxicant is added to the system at regular intervals

A

semistatic toxicant test

47
Q

flow through test

A

toxicant levels are carefullly managed to keep them constatn

48
Q

toxicant levels are carefullly managed to keep them constatn

A

flow through test

49
Q

humane tests for toxcicity

A

In vetro bioassays, microrganism tests, QSARs

50
Q

In vetro bioassays, microrganism tests, QSARs

A

humane tests for toxcicity

51
Q

in vitro bioassays

A

tests of toxin on small samples of cells

52
Q

tests of toxin on small samples of cells

A

In Vitro Bioassays

53
Q

Mocrorganism toxin test

A

exposing microorganisms to toxins and extrapolating the results to animals

54
Q

exposing microorganisms to toxins and extrapolating the results to animals

A

microorganism toxin test

55
Q

quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs)

A

extrapolating the effects of a chemical based on it’s structure.

56
Q

extrapolating the effects of a chemical based on it’s structure.

A

quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs)

Environmental Chemistry (31 decks)

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