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Toxicology > Toxicokinetics- BE > Flashcards

Toxicokinetics- BE Flashcards

1
Q

Change from one chemical to another by a chemical reaction within the body

A

Biotransformation

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2
Q

Terms that are frequently used for the biotransformation process

A

Metabolism or metabolic transformation

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3
Q

Vital to survival in transforming absorbed nutrients into substances required for normal body functions

A

Biotransformation

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4
Q

Example of drug undergo biotransformation

A

Phenoxybenzamine

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5
Q

Serve as an important defense mechanism in that toxic xenobiotics and body waste are converted into less harmful substances

A

Biotransformation

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6
Q

Physical and chemical properties that control the distribution of a chemical throughout the body and its penetration to tissue cells

A

Nonpolar
Lipophilic
Low molecular weight

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7
Q

Example of body waste that must be eliminated is

A

Hemoglobin

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8
Q

This is released during the typical destruction of red blood cells

A

Hemoglobin

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9
Q

One of the several hemoglobin metabolites

A

Bilirubin

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10
Q

Toxic to the brain of newborn and in high concentration may cause irreversible brain inhury

A

Bilirubin

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11
Q

Biotransformation results in metabolites of lower toxicity

A

Detoxification

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12
Q

Metabolites are more toxic than the parent substance

A

Bioactivation

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13
Q

Example of metabolite that interact with cellular macromolecules

A

Biotransformation of vinyl chloride to vinyl chloride epoxide, which covalently binds to DNA and RNA leading to liver cancer

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14
Q

Frequently used to describe a process whereby a substance leaves the body

A

Excretion and elimination

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15
Q

Used in a broader sense and includes the removal of the absorbed xenobiotic by metabolism and excretion

A

Elimination

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16
Q

Elimination or ejection of the xenobiotic and its metabolite by specific excretory organs

A

Excretion

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17
Q

Main routes for excretion are via

A

Urine, feces and exhaled air

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18
Q

Primary organ systems in excretion are

A

Urinary, gastrointestinal and respiratory system

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19
Q

What poisons may do to the body

A

Toxicodynamics

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20
Q

Irritant effects example

  1. May remove fat from the skin and cause dermatitis
  2. Being alkaline, may irritate the skin and cause more severe damage
  3. In low concentration may cause respiratory irritation
A

Detergents
Cement dust
Formaldehyde

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21
Q

Inflammation example

A

Terminal bronchioles and alveoli leading to chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary edema (from nitrogen dioxide No2)

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22
Q

Corrosive effects by contact

A

NaoH or acids such as sulphuric, nitric or hydrochloric acid

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23
Q

Will behave as anesthetics and cause drowsiness, nausea, headache, unconsciousness, and death

A

Fat soluble solvents

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24
Q

Example of gases that can cause asphyxiation

A

Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen cyanide, Hydrogen sulfide

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25
Q

These gases poison cytochromes at low concentration and cause the rapid onset of headaches, dizziness, vomiting and confusion

A

Hydrogen cyanide

26
Q

Heavy metals (enumerate) binds to this groups in enzymes and other proteins and cause damage in various parts of the body

A

Lead, Cadmium, Mercury
Sulfhydryl groups

27
Q

A poison that often subject of damage is lungs

A

Paraquat poisoning

28
Q

This can caused cardiovascular effect such as arrhythmias

A

Trichloroethane or by carbon disulfide

29
Q

This kind of pesticide inhibit acetylcholinesterase and lead to accumulation of Ach (can cause muscle weakness and paralysis, including respiration)

A

Organophosphate and carbamate pesticides

30
Q

Provoke ab immune response (sensitization) resulting in asthma, rhinitis, and allergic rhinitis

A

Diisocyanates, glutaraldehyde, nickel

31
Q

Example of carcinogens that causes hepatic hemangiosarcoma

A

Vinyl chloride

32
Q

This increase the likelihood of individuals developing leukemia

A

Benzene

33
Q

Mutagenic effects which is inherited defects by DNA damage

A

Alkylating agents (Mechloretamine)

34
Q

Descending order of effectiveness

A

Inhalation
Intravenous
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Intradermal
Oral
Dermal

35
Q

Route of exposure

Ingestion
Inhalation
Topical, percutaneous, dermal

A

GIT
Lungs
Skin

36
Q

Duration of exposure

Acute
Subacute
Subchronic
Chronic

A

Less than 24 hours, inhalation - less than 4 hours
1 month or less
1-3 months
more than 3 moths

37
Q

Frequency of exposure

Acute
Subchronic
Chronic

A

Single episode/incident
repeatedly over weeks or months
months or years

38
Q

What are the 5 effects of toxicity

A

ASCAD

Acute effect
Subacute effect
Chronic effect
Accumulative effect
Delayed effect

39
Q

It is rapidly developing, it reaches a maximum with a severe symptoms

A

Acute effect

40
Q

Not as sever, but toxic effects are often same as acute

A

Subacute effect

41
Q

Progresses at a slow varying rate; maybe mistaken for other diseases. Often difficult to address unless in the laboratory

Cite examples:

A

Chronic effect

42
Q

Accumulative effects occurs in two ways; __ and __ (Give example)

A

Accumulation of toxin (heavy metal)
Of effect (organophosphate pesticides)

43
Q

May only occur after prolonged exposure; the agent cannot be found in blood or tissues. Damage to system already done

A

Delayed effects

44
Q

Classification of toxicants

A

PUCMET

Physical state
Use
Chemistry
Mechanism
Effects
Target organ toxicity

45
Q

Use - Example

Pesticide
Solvent
Food additives

A

Atrazine
Benzene
NutraSweet

46
Q

Effects: Example

Carcinogen
Mutagen

A

Benzo-a-pyrene
Methyl nitrosamine

47
Q

Physical state: Example

Oxidant
Gas
dust
Liquid

A

Ozone
Carbon dioxide
iron oxide
water

48
Q

Chemistry: Example

Aromatic amine
Halogenated hydrocarbon

A

Aniline
methylene chloride

49
Q

Mechanism: Example

Cholinesterase inhibitor
Methemoglobin producer

A

Malathion
Nitrate

50
Q

Many toxin do not produce general effects but are SPECIFC to only a few organs

A

Target organ toxicity

51
Q

Target organ toxicity

Liver cancer
Mesothelioma
Lung toxicity
Kidney toxicity

A

Vinyl chloride
Asbestos
Paraquat
Cadmium

52
Q

Lead concentrate in __ but its effect are mainly seen in __

A

Bone
soft tissues (liver kidney and blood cells)

53
Q

DDT accumulates in __ but effects is primarily in

A

Adipose tissue
Central nervous system toxin

54
Q

Target organs most frequently affected by toxicants

A

CCVM

Central nervous system
Circulatory system
Visceral organs (liver, kidney, lung)
Muscle and bone

55
Q

Possible mechanism of tissue sensitivity

A

Preferential accumulation
Selective metabolic activation
Characteristic of tissue repair
Specific receptors and function
Physiological sensitivity

56
Q

Enzymes needed to convert a compound to the active form may be present in the highest quantities in a particular organ

Example…

A

Selective metabolic activation; Carbon tetrachloride, nitrosamine in liver

56
Q

Toxicants may accumulate in only specific tissues and cause toxicity

A

Preferential accumulation

57
Q

Example of some tissues that may be susceptible because they lack sufficiently repair capabilities

A

nitrosamines in liver

58
Q

Toxicant may interact with receptors in a given tissue

A

Specific receptor activation

59
Q

Example of specific receptor activation in which it is a neuromuscular blocker that is used in dart poisons

A

Curare

60
Q

The nervous system is susceptible to agents that block the utilization of oxygen

A

Physiological sensitivity

61
Q

Physiological sensitivity example

Nitrite oxidizes __
Cyanides inhibits __
Barbiturates interfere with __

A

hemoglobin
cytochrome enzyme
sensors for oxygen and carbon dioxide content in blood

Toxicology (13 decks)

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