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Toxicology > Toxicokinetics -AD > Flashcards

Toxicokinetics -AD Flashcards

1
Q

how a substance gets in the body and what happen to it in the body

A

Toxicokinetics

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2
Q

Four processes involved in toxicokinetics

A
  1. Administration
  2. Distribution
  3. Biotransformation
  4. Excretion
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3
Q

The substance enters the body

A

Absorption

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4
Q

Substance move from the site of entry to other areas of the body

A

Distribution

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5
Q

The body changes the substances into new chemicals

A

Biotransformations

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6
Q

The substance or its metabolite leave the body

A

Excretions

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7
Q

Studying the kinetics of all substances

A

Toxicokinetics

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8
Q

Use to describe the time course of movement of chemicals through the body

A

Disposition

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9
Q

Factors that determine the severity of toxicity that results when a xenobiotic enters the body

A

Toxicants disposition and its biological activity

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10
Q

Toxicants gain entry to the body

A

Absorption

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11
Q

Most important several factors affect the xenobiotic to be absorbed

A
  1. Route of exposure
  2. Concentration of substance at the site of contact
  3. chemical and physical properties of the substance
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12
Q

Primary routes of exposure by which xenobiotic can gain entry into the body are

A
  1. GI tract
  2. Respiratory tract
  3. Skin
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13
Q

The main route for many pharmaceuticals

A

GI tract

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14
Q

Some pharmaceuticals that is absorbed in respiratory tract

A

Aerosols and inhalers

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15
Q

Other routes of exposure

A
  1. Implants
  2. Injection
  3. Conjunctival instillations
  4. Suppositories
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16
Q

This permit slow and time release. (Ex)
For minimal absorptions (Ex)

A

Implants

Hormones
Artificial lenses or tendons

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17
Q

Primarily used for pharmaceuticals

A

Injection

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18
Q

Primarily treatment of ocular conditions

A

Conjunctival instillations

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19
Q

For drugs intended for local effect, usually __

A

Suppositories; vagina and rectal

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20
Q

Are formidable barriers, and an effective body defense that prevents foreign invaders or substances from entering the body

A

Cell membranes

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21
Q

Surrounds all body cells and are similar in structure

A

Cell membrane

22
Q

Head is

A

Polar; hydrophilic; outward

23
Q

Tail

A

Nonpoalr; lipophilic; inward

24
Q

Those that can cross the cell membrane 2 methods

A

Passive transfer or facilitated transport

25
Q

Consist of simple diffuse across the cell membrane; no cellular energy is required

A

Passive transfer

26
Q

Require assistance or are facilitated by specialized transport mechanism

A

Facilitated transport

27
Q

Example of specialized transport mechanism

A
  1. Facilitated diffusion
  2. active transport
  3. endocytosis
28
Q

Most common way that xenobiotics cross the cell membrane

A

Passive diffusion

29
Q

Two factors that determine the rate of passive diffusion of cell membrane

A
  1. concentration of the substance on both sides
  2. ability of the substance to move
30
Q

Properties of the chemical substance that affects its ability for passive transfer

A

Lipid solubility
Molecular size
Degree of ionization

31
Q

Most aqueous pore are about __ in size and allow chemicals of molecular weight of __ to pass through

A

4A in size; 100-200

32
Q

similar to diffusion in a way that it does not energy and follows a concentration gradient

A

Facilitated diffusion

33
Q

Carrier mediated transport; faster and capable of moving larger molecules

A

Facilitated diffusion

34
Q

Examples of facilitated diffusion

A

Transport of sugar and amino acid

35
Q

Movement through the membrane may be against the concentration gradient, from lower conc to higher conc

A

Active transport

36
Q

Active transport require this energy

A

cellular energy from ADP

37
Q

A toxicant can leave the interstitial fluid by:

A
  1. entering local tissue
  2. entering blood capillaries or blood circulatory system
  3. entering lymphatic cells
38
Q

Active transport is essential in transporting xenobiotics into the ___.

A

Liver, kidney, CNS

39
Q

When the substance cannot enter cells via passive or active mechanism, they may still enter through a process known as

A

Phagocytosis and pinocytosis

40
Q

In this process the cell surrounds the substance with a section of its cell wall

A

Endocytosis

41
Q

The two primary forms of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis

42
Q

Large particles suspended in the extracellular fluid are engulfed and transported into cells or destroyed

A

Phagocytosis

43
Q

Engulfing liquids or tiny particles in suspension within extracellular fluid

A

Pinocytosis

44
Q

Primary distribution of absorbed chemical is by __?

A

Blood

45
Q

The total volume of body fluids in which a toxicant is distributed is the __.

A

apparent volume of distribution (Vd)

46
Q

The VD is expressed in __

A

Liters

47
Q

Formula for calculation of volume of distribution

A

VD = dose (mg)/ plasma conc (mg/L)

48
Q

Provide reasonable estimates of how extensively the toxicant is distributed in the body

A

Volume of distribution

49
Q

The body burden for a toxicant can be estimated from knowledge of Vd by using the formula __.?

A

body burden (mg) = plasma conc (mg/L) x VD (L)

50
Q

Once a chemical is in the bloodstream, it may be __.?

A

ESBIT

Excreted
Stored
Biotransformed into different chemicals
Its metabolite may be excreted or stored
The chemical or metabolites may interact or bind with cellular component

Toxicology (13 decks)

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