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Toxicology > General kinds of poison (A-E) > Flashcards

General kinds of poison (A-E) Flashcards

1
Q

Used in anti-freeze preparation

A

Ethylene glycol

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2
Q

Ethylene glycol is excreted by __?

A

Kidney

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3
Q

Ethylene glycol causes ___?

A

Drunken state, severe high anion gap metabolic acidosis, acute renal failure

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4
Q

Ethylene glycol MOA

A

Oxidation

Ethylene glycol -> glycolaldehyde -> glycolic acid -> formic acid, glycine, oxalic acid -> CAUSES BLINDNESS

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5
Q

Ethylene glycol metabolites

A

Glycol aldehyde, Glycolic acid, Glyoxylic acid

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6
Q

Ethylene glycol toxic metabolite

A

Oxalic acid, formic acid

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7
Q

Acute renal failure seizure can be treated with

A

Diazepam

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8
Q

These enzymes converts alcohol to oxalic acid

A

alcohol dehydrogenase

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9
Q

Inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase

A

Fomipazole

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10
Q

Formic acid -> Co2

A

Leucorin

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11
Q

Systemic alkalizer

A

Hemodialysis + Sodium bicarbonate

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12
Q

For hypocalcemia

A

Ca gluconate

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13
Q

AKA wood alcohol

A

Methanol

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14
Q

Denaturant, pain remover, solvent

A

Methanol

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15
Q

Methanol MOA

A

Formaldehyde -> Formic acid (Blindness)

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16
Q

Methanol metabolites

A

Formaldehyde, Formic acid

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17
Q

Methanol treatment

A

Ethanol & Fomipazole
Sodium bicarbonate

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18
Q

Lethal dose of methanol

A

10 mL

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19
Q

Median lethal dose of methanol

A

100 mL

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20
Q

More toxic than ethanol but less toxic than methanol

A

Isopropyl alcohol

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21
Q

Crude oil alcohol

A

Isopropyl alcohol

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22
Q

Isopropyl alcohol contains __% of alcohol

A

70%

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23
Q

Isopropyl alcohol can lead to ___

A

Ketosis

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24
Q

Isopropyl alcohol treatment

A

Hemodialysis + gastric lavage

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25
Q

Aldehydes aka

A

Formaldehyde

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26
Q

Formaldehyde contains __% of aldehyde

A

35-50%

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27
Q

Formaldehyde common name

A

Formalin, formol

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28
Q

Embalming fluid

A

Formaldehyde

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29
Q

Similar in presentation to methanol toxicity

A

Formaldehyde

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30
Q

Signs and symptoms of formaldehyde local

A

Mucosal irritation

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31
Q

Signs and symptoms of formaldehyde systemic

A

CNS depression, coma, metabolic acidosis

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32
Q

Treatment for aldehyde

A

Ammonia + sodium bicarbonate

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33
Q

This is responsible for hangover

A

Formaldehyde

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34
Q

Formaldehyde aka

A

ethanal or acetaldehyde

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35
Q

Treatment for aldehydes

A

Hemodialysis + sodium bicarbonate

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36
Q

100% formalin contains

A

40% formaldehyde by volume and 37% by mass

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37
Q

It is an electrolyte disorder and imbalance of acid and base

A

Metabolic acidosis

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38
Q

Not highly toxic except unsaturated

A

Ketone/ Acetone

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39
Q

Simplest ketone

A

Acetone

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40
Q

Unsaturated ketone that is toxic

A

Methyl vinyl ketone

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41
Q

Ld50 of ketone, methyl vinyl chloride

A

7 mg/kg

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42
Q

Treatment for ketone

A

Neutralization -> Milk + H2o

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43
Q

Mostly derived from petroleum distillates

A

Hydrocarbon

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44
Q

Petroleum distillates –>

A

Kerosene

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45
Q

Signs and symptoms of for hydrocarbon

A

Lung aspiration

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46
Q

Treatment for hydrocarbon

A

Mineral oil

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47
Q

This is used to increased the viscosity of toxicant

A

Mineral oil

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48
Q

Benzene can cause __.

A

Megaloblastic leukemia, aplastic anemia

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49
Q

Most important toxidrome of acute exposure to benzene

A

CNS depression

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50
Q

The most significant serious toxic effect of chronic exposure to benzene - manifesting as aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis, and risk for the development of leukemia

A

Bone marrow injury

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51
Q

Treatment for hydrocarbon/ benzene

A

Ventilatory support + 100% O2

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52
Q

Meat preservatives

A

Inorganic nitrates

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53
Q

Chile saltpeter

A

Sodium Nitrate - NaNO3

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54
Q

Saltpeter

A

Potassium nitrate - KNO3

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55
Q

Treatment for angina pectoris

A

organic nitrates

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56
Q

ISMO
ISND

A

Imdur
Isordil

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57
Q

Vasodilator; Monday’s disease

A

Organic nitrates

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58
Q

Treatment for methomeglobinemia

A

Inorganic nitrites

59
Q

Has antioxidant properties

A

Organic nitrites

60
Q

Signs and symptoms of organic nitrites

A

Lightheadedness, headache, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain

61
Q

Treatment for organic nitrites

A

Methylene blue (1-2 mg/kg)

62
Q

Low dose = ___
High dose = ___

A

Treatment
Can cause also MetHgb

63
Q

Can cause silicosis

A

Silica

64
Q

Sign and symptoms of silicosis

A

Lung fibrosis & Bcronchogenic cancer

65
Q

Treatment for silica

A

Alumina

66
Q

Asbetos causes

A

Asbestosis

67
Q

Signs and symptoms of asbestosis

A

Lung cancer

68
Q

Treatment for asbestos

A

Decontamination

69
Q

used in non-flammable cleaning fluids and fire extinguishers

A

Carbon tetrachloride

70
Q

Metabolites of carbon tetrachloride

A

Epoxide, Phosgene

71
Q

War weapon

A

Phosgene

72
Q

Hepatorenal toxin

A

Poison gas

73
Q

Sign and symptoms of carbon tetrachloride

A

Difficulty in breathing, nausea & vomiting, Pulmonary edema and skin lesions

74
Q

Treatment for carbon tetrachloride

A

Ventilatory support

75
Q

Bleaches

A

Sodium hypochlorite

76
Q

Sign and symptoms for bleaches

A

Esophageal irritation, GI discomfort

77
Q

Treatment for bleaches

A

Gastric lavage

78
Q

Metal cleaners and mat removers

A

Oxalic acid

79
Q

Signs and symptoms of oxalic acid

A

Metabolic acidosis, seizures and hypocalcemia

80
Q

Treatment for oxalic acid

A

Ca gluconate -> hypocalcemia

81
Q

Shaver’s disease

A

Aluminum

82
Q

3rd most abundant element; most abundant metal

A

Aluminum

83
Q

Aluminum has __ effects

A

Constipating and astringent

84
Q

Used in the galvanizing of iron and container for battery cells

A

Zinc

85
Q

Defiency cause by zinc__

A

Parakeratosis

86
Q

Toxicity for zinc

A

Metal fume fever

87
Q

Treatment for zinc

A

Aspirin +bed rest

88
Q

For hair removal

A

Depilatories

89
Q

Depilatories contains __

A

Sulfides, thioglycolates

90
Q

Signs and syptoms for depilatories

A

Local irritation

91
Q

In milk production

A

Chloramine T

92
Q

Signs and symptoms and treatment for Chloramine T

A

Transform in CN
Sodium thiosulfate; Sodium nitrate

93
Q

FD & C no. 5

A

Tartrazine

94
Q

Signs and symptoms of Tartrazine

A

Anaphylaxis in an allergic reaction

95
Q

Signs and symptoms of MSG

A

Lightheadedness, tightness of the feet, seizure

96
Q

Treatment for MSG

A

Lessen MSG in foods

97
Q

Artificial sweeteners

A

Saccharin and aspartame

98
Q

Signs and symptoms for artificial sweeteners

A

Diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, pain

99
Q

Aspartame

A

Aspartic acid, Phenylalanine

100
Q

Artificial sweetener causes

A

Phenylketonuria

101
Q

Median lethal dose of MSG

A

15-18 mg/kg

102
Q

Moth balls and coal tar

A

Napthalene

103
Q

Causes coagulative necrosis

A

Acids

104
Q

Causes Liquefactive necrosis

A

Alkali

105
Q

Treatment for alkali

A

Dilutional therapy (a large amount of water + milk)

106
Q

Sp treatment for alkali poisoning

A

Vinegar, fruit juice

107
Q

Sp treatment for acid poisoning

A

Antacid (can be diluted with water except sodium hydroxide)

108
Q

Acid and alkali are CI in

A

Gastric lavage, do not neutralize, emetic, cathartics

109
Q

Source of hydrogen fluoride

A

Fluorinated water

110
Q

Signs and symptoms of HF and treatment

A

Hypocalcemia, Ca gluconate

111
Q

Agriculture; Weed killer

A

Paraquat

112
Q

Is known to accumulate slowly in the lungs by an active process and causes lung edema, alveolitis, and progressive pulmonary fibrosis days to weeks after an acute exposure

A

Paraquat

113
Q

Signs and symptoms of paraquat

A

Pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis, alveolitis

114
Q

MOA of paraquat

A

Inhibit superoxide dismutase

115
Q

Strong oxidizing agent

A

Permanganate

116
Q

Permanganate can cause

A

Methomoglobin

117
Q

Other names of carbolic acid and discover by

A

Phenol; Joseph lister

118
Q

MOA of phenol

A

Protein denaturation

119
Q

Signs and symptoms of phenol- Local

A

Mucosal/ Local irritation, Redness of skin, corrosive

120
Q

Signs and symptoms of phenol- Systemic

A

Seizure, Coma, Liver damage, Kidney damage

121
Q

Diagnosis for phenol

A

Chemical evidence = Phenol + Iron chlorine -> Blue violet

122
Q

Treatment for phenol

A

Castor oil

123
Q

Cathartic

A

Resinoleic acid

124
Q

Luminous vomitus

A

Phosphorous

125
Q

Odor of phosphorous

A

Garlic odor

126
Q

Treatment for phosphorus

A

Copper sulfate

127
Q

Types of phosphorus

A

Red- granular, non-toxic, matches
Yellow/white- toxic’ can be seen in pyrotechnics and fireworks

128
Q

Signs and symptoms of this toxicity is hepatic injury

A

Picric acid and tannic acid

129
Q

Sources of cyanide

A

Prunus species

130
Q

MOA of cyanide

A

Inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, oxygen consumption

131
Q

Signs and symptoms of cyanide

A

CNS/CV disturbances, Seizure, Respiratory depression, death, odor of bitter almonds, cherry red blood

132
Q

Treatment of cyanide

A

Sodium nitrite
Amyl nitrite (inhalation)
Methylene blue
Sodium thiosulfate

133
Q

Alternative tx for cyanide

A

Dicobalt edentate (Kelocyanor)
Hydroxycobalamin -> Vitamin b12

134
Q

A result of incomplete combustion

A

Carbon monoxide

135
Q

Carbon monoxide is secondary to __

A

smoking

136
Q

A most common cause of air pollution

A

Carbon monoxide

137
Q

MOA of carbon monoxide

A

CO -> Hg _ carboxyhemogloginemia -> 200x nonbinding capacity than hg

138
Q

Signs and symptoms of CO

A

Cherry red color of the blood

139
Q

Hypoxia -> anoxia -> death
Psychomotor impairment-> headache -> confusion -> tachycardia -> coma

A
140
Q

Tx for CO

A

100% O2
Hyperbaric o2 -> revives dead tissue
Artificial air -> 80% helium + 20% oxygen
Hyperbaric oxygen supplementation

141
Q

This may be a necessary intervention if no response is seen with 100% oxygen supplementation in cases of poisoning with MO and cyanide

A

Hyperbaric oxygen supplementation

142
Q

Hydrogen sulfide odor

A

Rotten egg odor

143
Q

Hydrogen sulfide MOA

A

Binds with hemoglobin to form another abnormal form of hemoglobin with sulfhemoglobinemia

144
Q

Hydrogen sulfide signs and symptoms

A

Dyspnea, Decreased O2 consumption

Toxicology (13 decks)

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