General kinds of poison (A-E) Flashcards
1
Q
Used in anti-freeze preparation
A
Ethylene glycol
2
Q
Ethylene glycol is excreted by __?
A
Kidney
3
Q
Ethylene glycol causes ___?
A
Drunken state, severe high anion gap metabolic acidosis, acute renal failure
4
Q
Ethylene glycol MOA
A
Oxidation
Ethylene glycol -> glycolaldehyde -> glycolic acid -> formic acid, glycine, oxalic acid -> CAUSES BLINDNESS
5
Q
Ethylene glycol metabolites
A
Glycol aldehyde, Glycolic acid, Glyoxylic acid
6
Q
Ethylene glycol toxic metabolite
A
Oxalic acid, formic acid
7
Q
Acute renal failure seizure can be treated with
A
Diazepam
8
Q
These enzymes converts alcohol to oxalic acid
A
alcohol dehydrogenase
9
Q
Inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase
A
Fomipazole
10
Q
Formic acid -> Co2
A
Leucorin
11
Q
Systemic alkalizer
A
Hemodialysis + Sodium bicarbonate
12
Q
For hypocalcemia
A
Ca gluconate
13
Q
AKA wood alcohol
A
Methanol
14
Q
Denaturant, pain remover, solvent
A
Methanol
15
Q
Methanol MOA
A
Formaldehyde -> Formic acid (Blindness)
16
Q
Methanol metabolites
A
Formaldehyde, Formic acid
17
Q
Methanol treatment
A
Ethanol & Fomipazole
Sodium bicarbonate
18
Q
Lethal dose of methanol
A
10 mL
19
Q
Median lethal dose of methanol
A
100 mL
20
Q
More toxic than ethanol but less toxic than methanol
A
Isopropyl alcohol
21
Q
Crude oil alcohol
A
Isopropyl alcohol
22
Q
Isopropyl alcohol contains __% of alcohol
A
70%
23
Q
Isopropyl alcohol can lead to ___
A
Ketosis
24
Q
Isopropyl alcohol treatment
A
Hemodialysis + gastric lavage
25
Aldehydes aka
Formaldehyde
26
Formaldehyde contains __% of aldehyde
35-50%
27
Formaldehyde common name
Formalin, formol
28
Embalming fluid
Formaldehyde
29
Similar in presentation to methanol toxicity
Formaldehyde
30
Signs and symptoms of formaldehyde local
Mucosal irritation
31
Signs and symptoms of formaldehyde systemic
CNS depression, coma, metabolic acidosis
32
Treatment for aldehyde
Ammonia + sodium bicarbonate
33
This is responsible for hangover
Formaldehyde
34
Formaldehyde aka
ethanal or acetaldehyde
35
Treatment for aldehydes
Hemodialysis + sodium bicarbonate
36
100% formalin contains
40% formaldehyde by volume and 37% by mass
37
It is an electrolyte disorder and imbalance of acid and base
Metabolic acidosis
38
Not highly toxic except unsaturated
Ketone/ Acetone
39
Simplest ketone
Acetone
40
Unsaturated ketone that is toxic
Methyl vinyl ketone
41
Ld50 of ketone, methyl vinyl chloride
7 mg/kg
42
Treatment for ketone
Neutralization -> Milk + H2o
43
Mostly derived from petroleum distillates
Hydrocarbon
44
Petroleum distillates -->
Kerosene
45
Signs and symptoms of for hydrocarbon
Lung aspiration
46
Treatment for hydrocarbon
Mineral oil
47
This is used to increased the viscosity of toxicant
Mineral oil
48
Benzene can cause __.
Megaloblastic leukemia, aplastic anemia
49
Most important toxidrome of acute exposure to benzene
CNS depression
50
The most significant serious toxic effect of chronic exposure to benzene - manifesting as aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis, and risk for the development of leukemia
Bone marrow injury
51
Treatment for hydrocarbon/ benzene
Ventilatory support + 100% O2
52
Meat preservatives
Inorganic nitrates
53
Chile saltpeter
Sodium Nitrate - NaNO3
54
Saltpeter
Potassium nitrate - KNO3
55
Treatment for angina pectoris
organic nitrates
56
ISMO
ISND
Imdur
Isordil
57
Vasodilator; Monday's disease
Organic nitrates
58
Treatment for methomeglobinemia
Inorganic nitrites
59
Has antioxidant properties
Organic nitrites
60
Signs and symptoms of organic nitrites
Lightheadedness, headache, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
61
Treatment for organic nitrites
Methylene blue (1-2 mg/kg)
62
Low dose = ___
High dose = ___
Treatment
Can cause also MetHgb
63
Can cause silicosis
Silica
64
Sign and symptoms of silicosis
Lung fibrosis & Bcronchogenic cancer
65
Treatment for silica
Alumina
66
Asbetos causes
Asbestosis
67
Signs and symptoms of asbestosis
Lung cancer
68
Treatment for asbestos
Decontamination
69
used in non-flammable cleaning fluids and fire extinguishers
Carbon tetrachloride
70
Metabolites of carbon tetrachloride
Epoxide, Phosgene
71
War weapon
Phosgene
72
Hepatorenal toxin
Poison gas
73
Sign and symptoms of carbon tetrachloride
Difficulty in breathing, nausea & vomiting, Pulmonary edema and skin lesions
74
Treatment for carbon tetrachloride
Ventilatory support
75
Bleaches
Sodium hypochlorite
76
Sign and symptoms for bleaches
Esophageal irritation, GI discomfort
77
Treatment for bleaches
Gastric lavage
78
Metal cleaners and mat removers
Oxalic acid
79
Signs and symptoms of oxalic acid
Metabolic acidosis, seizures and hypocalcemia
80
Treatment for oxalic acid
Ca gluconate -> hypocalcemia
81
Shaver's disease
Aluminum
82
3rd most abundant element; most abundant metal
Aluminum
83
Aluminum has __ effects
Constipating and astringent
84
Used in the galvanizing of iron and container for battery cells
Zinc
85
Defiency cause by zinc__
Parakeratosis
86
Toxicity for zinc
Metal fume fever
87
Treatment for zinc
Aspirin +bed rest
88
For hair removal
Depilatories
89
Depilatories contains __
Sulfides, thioglycolates
90
Signs and syptoms for depilatories
Local irritation
91
In milk production
Chloramine T
92
Signs and symptoms and treatment for Chloramine T
Transform in CN
Sodium thiosulfate; Sodium nitrate
93
FD & C no. 5
Tartrazine
94
Signs and symptoms of Tartrazine
Anaphylaxis in an allergic reaction
95
Signs and symptoms of MSG
Lightheadedness, tightness of the feet, seizure
96
Treatment for MSG
Lessen MSG in foods
97
Artificial sweeteners
Saccharin and aspartame
98
Signs and symptoms for artificial sweeteners
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, pain
99
Aspartame
Aspartic acid, Phenylalanine
100
Artificial sweetener causes
Phenylketonuria
101
Median lethal dose of MSG
15-18 mg/kg
102
Moth balls and coal tar
Napthalene
103
Causes coagulative necrosis
Acids
104
Causes Liquefactive necrosis
Alkali
105
Treatment for alkali
Dilutional therapy (a large amount of water + milk)
106
Sp treatment for alkali poisoning
Vinegar, fruit juice
107
Sp treatment for acid poisoning
Antacid (can be diluted with water except sodium hydroxide)
108
Acid and alkali are CI in
Gastric lavage, do not neutralize, emetic, cathartics
109
Source of hydrogen fluoride
Fluorinated water
110
Signs and symptoms of HF and treatment
Hypocalcemia, Ca gluconate
111
Agriculture; Weed killer
Paraquat
112
Is known to accumulate slowly in the lungs by an active process and causes lung edema, alveolitis, and progressive pulmonary fibrosis days to weeks after an acute exposure
Paraquat
113
Signs and symptoms of paraquat
Pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis, alveolitis
114
MOA of paraquat
Inhibit superoxide dismutase
115
Strong oxidizing agent
Permanganate
116
Permanganate can cause
Methomoglobin
117
Other names of carbolic acid and discover by
Phenol; Joseph lister
118
MOA of phenol
Protein denaturation
119
Signs and symptoms of phenol- Local
Mucosal/ Local irritation, Redness of skin, corrosive
120
Signs and symptoms of phenol- Systemic
Seizure, Coma, Liver damage, Kidney damage
121
Diagnosis for phenol
Chemical evidence = Phenol + Iron chlorine -> Blue violet
122
Treatment for phenol
Castor oil
123
Cathartic
Resinoleic acid
124
Luminous vomitus
Phosphorous
125
Odor of phosphorous
Garlic odor
126
Treatment for phosphorus
Copper sulfate
127
Types of phosphorus
Red- granular, non-toxic, matches
Yellow/white- toxic' can be seen in pyrotechnics and fireworks
128
Signs and symptoms of this toxicity is hepatic injury
Picric acid and tannic acid
129
Sources of cyanide
Prunus species
130
MOA of cyanide
Inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, oxygen consumption
131
Signs and symptoms of cyanide
CNS/CV disturbances, Seizure, Respiratory depression, death, odor of bitter almonds, cherry red blood
132
Treatment of cyanide
Sodium nitrite
Amyl nitrite (inhalation)
Methylene blue
Sodium thiosulfate
133
Alternative tx for cyanide
Dicobalt edentate (Kelocyanor)
Hydroxycobalamin -> Vitamin b12
134
A result of incomplete combustion
Carbon monoxide
135
Carbon monoxide is secondary to __
smoking
136
A most common cause of air pollution
Carbon monoxide
137
MOA of carbon monoxide
CO -> Hg _ carboxyhemogloginemia -> 200x nonbinding capacity than hg
138
Signs and symptoms of CO
Cherry red color of the blood
139
Hypoxia -> anoxia -> death
Psychomotor impairment-> headache -> confusion -> tachycardia -> coma
140
Tx for CO
100% O2
Hyperbaric o2 -> revives dead tissue
Artificial air -> 80% helium + 20% oxygen
Hyperbaric oxygen supplementation
141
This may be a necessary intervention if no response is seen with 100% oxygen supplementation in cases of poisoning with MO and cyanide
Hyperbaric oxygen supplementation
142
Hydrogen sulfide odor
Rotten egg odor
143
Hydrogen sulfide MOA
Binds with hemoglobin to form another abnormal form of hemoglobin with sulfhemoglobinemia
144
Hydrogen sulfide signs and symptoms
Dyspnea, Decreased O2 consumption
