Toxic Principles of Plants Flashcards
Clinical signs associated with toxicosis from a plant with insoluble calcium oxalate?
irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting
Which insoluble calcium oxalate plant has proteolytic enzymes that release histamines and kinins that increase mechanical damage, in addition to the normal MoA of penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals? A) Devils Ivy, Epiprenum spp. B) Flamingo plant, Anthurium spp. C) Philodendron spp. D) Dumcane varieties, Dieffenbachia spp.
D - Dumcane varieties, Dieffenbachia spp.
Plants that have insoluble calcium oxalate
Chinese evergreen, Aglaonema spp. Alocacia (Elephant's ear), Alocacia spp. Flamingo plant, Anthurium spp. jack-in-the-Pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum Cuckoo-pint, arum maculatum Caladium varieties, Caladium spp. Dumcane varieties, Dieffenbachia spp. Pothos (Devil's Ivy), Epipremnum spp. Cutleaf philodendron (Swiss cheese plant), Monstera deliciosa Philodendron varieties, Philodendron spp. Peace Lily, Spathiphyllum spp. Skunk Cabage, Sympolocarpus foetidus Arrowhead vine (Nephthytis), Syngonium podophyllum Calla/Arum Lily, Zantedeschia oethiopica Umbrella tree, Schefflera spp. Fishtail palm, Caryota mitis
Mechanism of action of soluble oxalate
hypocalcemia, precipitation of Ca oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage
Clinical signs associated with soluble oxalate? A) GI signs B) neuro deficits C) kidney damage D) All of the above
C - kidney damage (and hypocalcemia)
Plants that have soluble oxalate
Halogeton, Halogeten spp. Greasewood, Sarcobatus vermiculatus Pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus Beet, beta vulgaris Lamb's quarters, chenopodium album Rhubarb, Rheum rhaponiticum Sorrel and soursop, Oxalis spp. Purslane, Portulacca oleracea
Which of the following causes abortion in cattle? A) Halogeten, Halogeten spp. B) Ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa C) Lamb's quarters, chenopodium album D) Purslane, Portulacca oleracea
B - Ponderosa pine, pines ponderosa
Toxic principle of Ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa and Monterey cyprus, Cupressus macrocarpus? A) Lycorine B) Diterpine alkaloids C) Soluble oxalate D) Isocupressic acid
D - isocupressic acid
Mechanism of action of isocupressic acid?
vasoconstriction, decreases uterine blood flow, stimulates release of fetal cortisol resulting in abortion (cattle)
Which of the following toxic principles results in primary photosensitization after the ingestion of St. John's wort, Hypericum perforatum and Buckwheat, Fagopyrun esculentum? A) Quinone B) Tannic acid C) Colchicine D) Titerpine acid
A - quinone
Mechanism of action of quinone (found in St. John’s wort, Hypericum perforatum and Buckwheat, Fagopyrun esculentum)
primary photosensitization - only in light or unpigmented skin, sun reacts with compound (quinone in this case) in the blood
Clinical signs of St. John’s wort, Hypericum perforatum and Buckwheat, Fagopyrun esculentum toxicity?
Photosensitization signs - erythema, pruritus, edema, necrosis of the skin, secondary bacterial infections
Which plants contain tannic acid (tannin)
Oak tree, Quercus spp. and Pride of Barbados, Caesalpinia spp.
MoA of tannic acid (tannin)
tissue damage including GI lesions and kidney damage
A cow ingests a toxic amount of acorns. What toxic principle is associated with acorns and what clinical signs do you expect to see?
Acorns come from oak trees, Quercus spp. so toxic principle is tannic acid (tannin). Expect to see constipation, brown urine, antony, anorexia and depression
Clinical signs in a monogastric that ingests tannic acid (tannin)
Oak tree, Quercus spp. and Pride of Barbados, Caesalpinia spp.
- expect mainly GI signs: colic, depression, icterus, constipation, hemorrhagic diarrhea, hemaglobinuria
A farmer calls you because his cows and horses got into a field of Lantana (yellow sage), Lantana camara. He is worried because he knows this plant contains triterpene acid which is toxic. What signs should he watch for in each species?
Horses - are resistant! Doesn’t have to worry
Cows - depression, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, icterus. photophobia, erythema of skin, swelling, necrosis and sloughing
2 mechanisms of action of toxicity of Lantana (yellow sage), Lanatana camara
Lantadene A and B cause damage to bile canaliculi membranes and cholestasis = liver damage
hepatic photosensitization due to decreased elimination of chlorophyll metabolite phylloerythrin
Toxic principle of Lantana (yellow sage), Latadene camara? A) Colchicine B) Titerpene acid C) Lycorine D) Muscarine
B - titerpene acid
Which two plants are anti mitotic?
Autumn crocus (meadow saffron), Colchicum autumnale and Glory (climbing) lily
Toxic principle of Autumn crocus (meadow saffron), Colchicum autumnale and Glory (climbing) lily? A) Colchicine B) Diterpene alkaloids C) Lycorine D) Anthraquinone
A - colchicine
Clinical signs of ingestion of toxic levels of plans containing Colchicine?
GI signs - stomatitis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, GI hemorrhage
CV signs - hypotension and cardiac arrhythmias
Resp signs, renal and hepatic failure, seizures, coagulopathies, myelosuppression
bottom line - it is antimitotic so many organs will be affected, and rapidly dividing cells are most sensitive
A farmer calls you because he switched all of his animals to a new pasture. His cows all dropped dead, and his sheep are staggering, collapsing, show signs of muscle weakness, and are bloated. You immediately visit the farm and notice there are Larkspur (Dephinium), Delphinium spp. and Monkshade (Aconite), Aconitum spp. scattered throughout the pasture. What is the toxic principle associated with these plants and how would you treat the sick animals?
Toxic principle - Diterpene alkaloids
MoA - competitive blockade of nicotinic receptors at muscle endplate
Treatment - physostigmine or neostigmine
Clinical signs associated with Ergot, Claviceps purpurea toxicicosis?
Vasoconstriction and gangrene, uterine contraction and abortion (chronic presentation)
Toxic principle of Locoweed (milk vetches), Atragalus and Oxytropis spp? A) Indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine) B) Cardiac glycoside C) Calcinogenic glycoside D) Thiaminase
A - indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine)
Mechanism of action of indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine) containing plants (Locoweed (milk vetches), Atragalus and Oxytropis spp)
inhibition of lysosomal enzymes decrease glycoproteins.
Also peripheral neuronal degeneration via nitropropanol glycoside, abnormal hoof and hair via selenium
Clinical signs associated with Locoweed (milk vetches), Atragalus and Oxytropis spp.
Neuronal signs - depression, incoordination, ataxia, circling, abnormal behaviour
Infertility, congenital defects, heart failure, weight loss, decreased immunity
Which species is locoism most common in? A) Cows B) Dogs C) Sheep D) Horses
D - horses
Species of plants containing Lycorine
Narcissus, Narcissus spp. Kaffir lily, Clivia spp. Spider lily, Hymenoocallis caribaea Barbados (fire) lily, Hippeastrum spp. Zephyr (rain) lily, Zephyranthes spp. River lily, Crinum bulbispermum
Most toxic part of the plants that contain Lycorine? A) Stem B) Roots C) Bulb D) Leaves
C - bulb
Which are NOT clinical signs associated with Lycorine? A) vomiting and diarrhea B) anorexia C) abortions D) muscle tremors/seizures
C - abortions
we also see salivation with Lycorine
A dog owner frantically calls you because her dog ate a red mushroom with spots that looks like it is straight out of Alice and Wonderland. What mushroom do you think it ate judging by the description, what is the toxic principle associated with it, and how would you treat it?
Poisonous mushroom, Amanita muscaria
toxic principle - Muscarine
Treatment - Atropine, symptomatic treatment and decontaminate
T/F: ingestion of Amanita muscaria results in CNS depression
False, it involves stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors resulting in CNS stimulation
Plants containing piperidine alkaloids
Poison/spotted Hemlock (california/nebraska fern), Conium maculatum Lupines, Lupinus spp. Tobacco, Nicotiana tobaccum Tree tobacco, Nicotiana glucagon Coyote tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata
A calf is born with a cleft palate and other skeletal malformations. Which toxic principle has the potential to cause this? A) pyridine alkaloids B) Piperidine alkaloids C) pyrrolizidine alkaloids D) Xanthine alkaloids
B - piperidine alkaloids
MoA of piperidine alkaloids
nicotinic effects starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic and neuromuscular blockade
Clinical signs associated with piperidine alkaloids
ataxia, incoordination and birth defects (cleft palate and skeletal malformations)
Plants containing pyridine alkaloids (nicotine and lobeline)
Tobacco plant, Nicotiana tabacum
Tree tobacco, nicotiana gluca
Lobelia, Lobelia spp.
Which of the following doesn't cause death due to respiratory failure? A) Tobacco plant, Nicotiana tabacum B) Lupines, Lupinus spp. C) Tree tobacco, nicotiana gluca D) Lobelia, Lobelia spp.
B - lupines, lupinus spp
Low doses of pyridine alkaloids cause ________ while high doses cause _______.
Low doses of pyridine alkaloids cause depolarization while high doses cause blockade
Clinical signs associated with pyridine alkaloids (nicotine and lobeline)
rapid onset
- excitation, salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, tachypnea, muscle twitching, weakness, dyspnea
death due to respiratory failure
Which two plants contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and what is the MoA
Rattlebox (crotolaria), Crotolaria spp.
Senecio/groundsel/ragwort, Senecio spp.
Hepatotoxic
T/F: plants in the nightshade family are only toxic once they have matured
False, they are only toxic when they are green and immature
Plants containing solanine and solanidine alkaloids
Black nightshade, Solanum niger American nightshade, Solanum americanum Eggplant, Solanum melongena Tomato, lycopersicon lycopersicon Turkey berry, Solanum torvum Chalice vine, Solandra guttota Chinese lantern, Physalis spp.
Typical signs associated with solanine and solanidine alkaloids? A) CNS signs B) GI signs C) cardiac and respiratory signs D) All of the above
D - all of the above
Which plant contains taxine alkaloids and what clinical signs are associated with it?
Japanese yew, Taxus spp.
Cardiotoxic (similar to cardiac glycosides) and GI signs
Plants containing tropane alkaloids
Jimsonweed/thornapple/angel’s trumpet, Datura stramonium
Devil’s trumpet, Datura metel
Angel’s trumpet, Brugmansia candida
Henbane, Hyoscyamus spp.
T/F: all parts of plants containing tropane alkaloids are toxic
True
Clinical signs associated with plants containing tropane alkaloids? What is the treatment?
GI, CNS (convulsive seizures), mydriasis, tachycardia
Treat: physostigmine
Which is not a toxic principle found in coffee and chocolate? A) caffine B) theophylline C) theobromide D) anthraquinone
D - anthraquinone
Which two plants contain xanthine alkaloids?
Cocoa, Theobroma cocao
Coffee, coffea arabica
Mechanism of action of xanthine alkaloids
Block adenosine receptors thus inhibiting phosphodiesterase
Clinical signs associated with ingestion of coffee or chocolate?
Happiness!! just kidding…
salivation, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, CNS stimulation, convulsive seizures, muscle tremors, tachycardia, hypotension, urination
Plants containing anthraquinone
Cascara sagrada from small tree Rhamnus purshiana DC
Buckthorn, Rhamnus spp.
Coffee weed/Senna, Senna occidentalis
Aloe, Aloe vera
Which of the plants containing anthraquinone also has an unknown principle that causes skeletal and muscle degeneration leading to kidney damage? A) Cascara sagrada B) Buckthorn, Rhamnus spp. C) Coffee weed/Senna, Senna occidentalis D) Aloe, Aloe vera
C - coffee weed/Senna, Senna occidentalis
Main effect of anthraquinone?
purgative
Horses that consume Coffee weed/Senna, Senna occidentalis die from ________
Liver failure
Calcinogenic glycosides are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ analogs. A) Vitamin D B) PTH C) calcitonin D) calcium
A - vitamin D
MoA of calcinogenic glycosides?
calcification of elastic tissues of arteries, tendons and ligaments, increased bone density
Plants containing calcinogenic glycosides?
Day-blooming jasmine, Cestrum diurnum and Turkey berry, Solanum torvum
Cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium toxic principle is _______.
A) cardiac glycoside
B) calcinogenic glycoside
C) carboxylate-atractyloside (sulfated glycoside)
D) Coumarin glycoside
C - carboxylate-atractyloside (sulfated glycoside)
2 effects of Cocklebur, xanthium strumarium (toxic principle is carboxylate-atractyloside, sulfated glycoside)
#1 - hepatotoxicity #2 - mechanical injury to mouth causing excessive salivation, renal damage, hypoglycemia
Plants containing cardiac glycosides
Foxglove, Digitalis purpurea Oleander, Nerium oleander Yellow oleander/lucky nut/Be-still tree, Thevetia peruviana Squill, Ureginea maritima Lily of the Valley, Convallaria majalis Milkweed, Asclepias spp. Kallanchoe, Kallanchoe spp. Periwinkle, Cathanranthus roseus/Vinca roseus
Main signs associated with cardiac glycosides?
cardio toxicity by inhibiting Na/K ATPase
GI irritant
Treatment of cardiac glycoside toxicity?
Digi-bind (Digoxin immune Fab)
Which of the following is one of the most toxic plants (1 leaf can kill an animal)
A) Foxglove Digitalis purpurea
B) Oleander, Nerium oleander
C) Lily of the valley, Convallaria majalis
D) Flax, Linum spp.
B - Oleander, nerium oleander
An animal ingests an alarming amount of Sweet clover, Melilotos officinalis. What is your main concern? A) CNS signs B) Sudden death C) Hemorrhage D) GI signs
C - hemorrhaging
The toxic principle coumarin glycoside form dicoumarol in spoiled plants, inhibit Vitamin K
4 coagulation factors that rely on vitamin K
2, 7, 9, 10
Mechanism of action of coumarin glycosides
Form dicoumarol in spoiled plants, inhibit vitamin K epoxide reductase resulting in deficiency of coagulation factors 2, 7, 9, 10
How would you treat an animal that has sweet clover, Melilotus officinalis toxicity?
Give it Vitamin K or whole blood
Plants that release cyanogenic glycosides
wild cherries, prunus spp.
Johnsongrass/ Sudan grass/ Sorghum, Sorghum spp.
Elderberry, Sambucus canadensis
Acute clinical signs of cyanogenic glycoside ingestion
inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and inhibition of cellular respiration, vasoconstriction, inhibition of glycolysis, inhibition of citric acid cycle, irritation of MM
chronic clinical signs of cyanogenic glycoside ingestion
neuronal degeneration and antithyroid effect
Plants containing cycasin
Sago palm, Cycas circinalis
Japanese cycad, Cycas revoluta
Cardboard palm, Zamia furfuraceae
Coontie, Zamia pulmila
Which species gets "Zamia staggers" from ingestion of plants containing cycasin? A) Horses B) Cows C) Cats D) Chickens
B - cows
Mechanism of action of plants containing cycasin
Cycasin - glycoside that causes GI irritation and liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic
BMAA (B-methylamino-L-alanine) - neurotoxic AA
Unknown toxin - axonal degeneration of CNS
Clinical signs of ingestion of any of the following: Sago palm, Cycas circinalis Japanese cycad, Cycas revoluta Cardboard palm, Zamia furfuraceae Coontie, Zamia pulmila
cycasin toxin - GI and liver disease syndrome or ataxia and CNS syndrome
Main effect of plants containing glucosinolate (thiocyanate glycoside) is
antithyroid
Plants containing glucosinolate (thiocyanate glycoside)
rape seed/kale/broccoli/brussel sprouts/cabbage/turnip/cauliflower, Brassica spp.
Soybean, Glycine spp.
Flax, linum spp.
Which of the following is not anti-thyroid? A) Flax, linum spp. B) Coontie, Zamia pulmila C) Brassica spp. D) Soybean, Glycine spp.
B - Coontie, Zamia pulmila
Plants containing nitropropanol glycoside
Milkvetch, Astragalus spp.
Violets, Viola spp.
Lotus, Lotus spp.
Indigo, Indigofera spp.
T/F: Nitropropanol glycoside containing plants inhibit enzymes of the Krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation
True
Clinical signs associated with ingestion of plants containing nitropropanol glycosides Milkvetch, Astragalus spp. Violets, Viola spp. Lotus, Lotus spp. Indigo, Indigofera spp.
Cattle and sheep - respiratory and neurologic signs, cracker heels or roaring disease
Horses and rodents - neurologic signs
Plants containing phytoestrogens
White clover, Trifolium repens
Subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum
Alfalfa, Medicago sativa
A farmer calls you because he is concerned about the reproductive health of his cattle herd. His fertility rates in females has dropped substantially and his bulls have a decreased libido. Which of the following is NOT a cause of these signs?
A) White clover, Trifolium repens
B) Beargrass, Nolina spp.
C) Subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum
D) Alfalfa, Medicago sativa
B - Beargrass, Nolina spp.
Mechanism of action of phytoestrogens
bind to estrogen receptors
Anemone/Ranunculus/Clematis/Hellborus, Ranunculaceae
Toxic principle - Protoanemonin
MoA - volatile oil released by hydrolysis of glycoside
CS - severe irritation of the GI mucosa and dermatitis
Bracken/brake fern, Pteridium aquilinum
Toxic principle - Ptaquiloside
MoA - death of precursor cells in BM, neoplasia in the UT, tumors in the URT and retinal degeneration
Clinical Signs - aplastic anemia, Enzootic bovine hematuria, bright blindness in sheep
Which is associated with Enzootic bovine hematuria?
A) Bracken/brake fern, Pteridium aquilinum
B) Agave, Agave Iechugilla
C) White clover, Trifolium repens
D) Alfalfa, Medicago sativa
A - Bracken/brake fern, Pteridium aquilinum
Plants containing steroidal saponins
Agave, Agave lechugilla
Beargrass, Nolina spp.
Panicum spp.
MoA of steroidal saponins
liver damage, inability to eliminate chlorophyll metabolite phylloerythrin –> hepatic photosensitization
Toxic principle found in cottonseed, Gossypium spp.?
Gossypol
T/F: Heat increases the toxicity of gossypol
False. Protein bound gossypol is not toxic, while free unbound gossypol is. Heat increases protein binding of gossypol thus reducing the toxicity.
Mechanism of action of gossypol
Cardiotoxic and secondary liver damage, destroys seminiferous tubules, binds to proteins, AAs, iron
Clinical signs of gossypol
Chronic Monogastrics more sensitive cardiac toxicity male infertility protein malnutrition, enzyme inhibition, interferes with Hb synthesis
Iron salts ______ toxicity of gossypol by _____ excretion.
Decrease, increasing
Molybdenum toxicosis
signs of copper deficiency including watery, bubbly diarrhea, wasting, depigmentation, demyelination, osteoporosis
Signs of copper toxicity from clovers?
liver damage, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia
Plants that are associated with Selenium toxicosis
Aster, Aster spp. Woody Aster, Xylorrhiza spp. Princess's plume, Stanlyea spp. Milk vetch, Astragalus spp. Goldenwood, Onopsis spp. Paintbrush, Castilleja spp. Saltbrush, Atriplex spp. Alfalfa, Medicago sativa Tall grasses, Sorghum spp.
Acute signs of Selenium toxicosis
GI irritation and respiratory signs
Chronic signs of Selenium toxicosis
hoof and hair abnormalities
Plants associated with Nitrate toxicosis
Pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus Oats, Avena sativa Johnsongrass/Sudan grass/Milo, Sorghum spp. Corn/maize, Zea mays Beet, Beta vulgaris Lamb's quarters, Chenopodium album Sweet clover, Melilotus officinalis Alfalfa, Medicago sativa Wheat, Triticum aestivum Sunflower, Helianthus annuus
Signs of acute nitrate toxicosis
GI irritation. Nitrite reduced to nitrate by nitrite reductase. Nitrite causes oxidation of ferrous Fe of hemoglobin to ferric iron and formation of methemoglobin. Respiratory insufficiency signs due to inability of blood to carry oxygen. Fetal methemoglobinemia and death causing abortion
Signs of chronic nitrate toxicosis
decreased progesterone during pregnancy and abortion
reduced performance
Dimethyl disulfide
Mustards, Brassica spp.
MoA - oxidation of RBCs
CS - anemia, depression, hemoglobinuria, hemoglobinemia, icterus, cyanosis, Heinz bodies
Plants associated with diterpene esters
Chenille plant/cat tail, Acalypha hispida Croton, Codiaeum variegatum Candelabra "cactus", Euphorbia lacta Crown of thorns, Euphorbia milii var splendens Poinsetta, Euphorbia pulcherrima Pencil tree, Euphorbia tirucalli Manchineel, Hippomane manchinella Sandbox tree, Hura crepitant Physic nut, Jatropha curcas Wild physic nut, Jatrophagossypifolia
MoA of diterpene esters
Direct irritation to skin and mucus membranes
Activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction
CS of diterpene esters
irritation and blistering of GI mucosa, salivation, vomiting and diarrhea (with or without blood)
T/F: signs of diterpene esters are more severe in small animals than large animals
False, more severe in large animals
Plants associated with Grayanotoxins
Rhododendron/Azalea, Rhododendron spp.
Mountain laurel/sheep laurel/skeepkill, Kalmia spp.
Japanese/Mountain pieris, Pieris spp.
Dog hobble/dog laurel/black laurel, Leucothoe spp.
Maleberry/fetterbush/staggerbush, Lyonia spp.
MoA of grayanotoxins
Bind to Na channels in excitable cells, increase permeability and depolarization, irritation of GI mucosa
Clinical signs of grayanotoxins
GI signs, depression, recumbency, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizures, fever
death due to aspiration pneumonia
A farmer calls because some of his sheep are dead. You visit the farm and conduct a necropsy, and determine the cause of death was aspiration pneumonia. Which toxic principle likely caused this? A) Grayanotoxin B) Lectin C) Diterpene esters D) Selenium toxicosis
A - Grayanotoxin
Plants associated with Lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin)
Castor bean, Ricinus communis Precatory bean, Abrus precatorius Coral plant, Jatropha crucas Sandbox tree, Hura crepitans Black locust, Rhobina pseudoacacia Beans (soybean, pinto, kidney, navy)
MoA and CS associated with Lectin
MoA - inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death
CS - GI signs including hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
Meliatoxin
Chinaberry, Melia azedarrach
MoA - neurotoxic and enterotoxin
CS - GI signs with or without blood, CNS and peripheral signs, death from respiratory failure
Propyl disulfide
Onions, garlic, shallots, chives, leek (Allium spp.)
MoA - oxygen free radicals –> damage RBC membranes –> Heinz bodies
CS - anorexia, ataxia, tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, icterus, onion odor, abortion, pale MM, weakness
Tetradymol
Horsebrush, tetradymia
MoA - liver damage and inability to eliminate chlorophyll metabolite phylloerythrin resulting in hepatogenic photosensitization
CS - anorexia, depression, incoordination, dyspnea, icteruss, head pressing, skin swelling, erythema, necrosis, secondary bacterial infection
most commonly in sheep
Which species most affected by tetradymol? A) Horses B) Sheep C) Cattle D) Dogs
B - sheep
Which of the following does not cause hepatic photosensitization? A) Thiaminase B) Tetradymol C) Steroidal saponins D) Titerpene acid
A - thiaminase
Plants associated with thiaminase
Horsetail, Equisetum hyemale
Bracken/brake fern, Pteridium aquilinum
T/F: all animals are susceptible to thiamine deficiency as a result of thiaminase toxicity
False, rumen microbes can synthesis vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Treatment of thiaminase toxicosis
Give vitamin B1 IV
Plants associated with triterpenoid saponins
Alfalfa, Medicago sativa English/Christmas holly, Ilex aquifolium American holly, Ilex opaca English/common ivy, Hendra helix Pokeweed/inkberry, Phytolacca americana
MoA and CS of treterpenoid saponins
MoA - direct irritation of GI mucosa
CS - salivation, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, colic, hypothermia
Resins or Resinoids
milkweeds, Asclepias spp.
Marijuana, cannabis sativa
Chinaberry, Melia azedarach
irritation of nervous or muscle tissue
Aslike clover and red clover
Trifolium hybridum and Trifolium pratense
MoA - hepatotoxicity and secondary photosensitization in HORSES only, hepatic encephalopathy in large amounts
CS - lacrimation, photophobia, erythema, pruritus, edema, necrosis, sloughing of skin
Avocado, Persea americana
cardio toxicity in goats, horses, rabbits and caged birds
noninfectious mastitis and agalactia in cattle, horses, goats and rabbits
T/F: consumption of an avocado can cause agalactia in birds
False, birds dont have mammary glands
Black Walnut, juglans nigra
ingestion of fresh shavings made from heartwood (bedding) causes laminitis in horses
Forage induced photosensitization
Red clover, Trifolium pratense
Moldy wheat, Triticum aestivum
Moldy alfalfa, Medicago sativa
MoA - primary photosensitization, secondary photosensitization due to liver damage
CS - lacrimation, photophobia, erythema, pruritus, edema, necrosis, sloughing of skin
Grapes, Vitis spp. cause renal failure only in which species? A) Cats B) Dogs C) Horses D) Cows
B - dogs
An unknown toxin in which general group of flowers causes renal failure only in cats?
Lilys
Lilys that cause renal failure only in cats
Easter lily, Lilium longiflorum Tiger lily, Lilium tigrinum Japanese show lily, Lilium hybridum Rubrum lily, Lilium rubrum Lily hybrids, Lilium spp. Day lily, hemerocallis spp.
The Lilys that cause acute renal failure in cats have what effect on dogs? A) Renal failure B) No effects C) GI effects D) CNS effects
C - GI effects including salivation, vomiting, depression, anorexia
Redroot pigweed, Amaranthus spp.
Acute - nitrate –> methemoglobinemia
Chronic - abortion, soluble oxalate –> hypocalcemia and kidney damage
Unknown - renal tubular damage (ruminants, pigs, horses)
Red Maple, Acer rubrum
MoA - Gallic acid in dried leaves –> hemolytic anemia, hemoglo binemia, Heinz bodies
CS - anorexia, depression, anemia, icterus, brown MM, hemoglobinuria, dyspnea, cyanosis, death. Hb can precipitate in renal tubules causing renal failure
Senna
Coffee Senna, Senna occidentalis and Sicklepod, Senna otusifolia
Unknown mechanism –> skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy
Anthraquinone - cathartic
CS - diarrhea, muscle weakness, recumbency, good appetite, myoglobinuria, coffee coloured urine, tachycardia, death
Yellowstar thistle, Centaurea solstitialis and Russian Knapweed, Acroptilon/Centaurea repens
Toxins (sesquiterpene lactones, aspartic acid and glutamic acid) interact with dopamine transporters resulting in death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain
CS - death of substantial nigra and globes pallidus, sudden ability to drink or eat, drowsiness, head down, dehydration
Equine nicropallidal encephalomalacia (ENE) or chewing disease
What causes Equine nicropallidal encephalomalacia (ENE) or chewing disease ?
Yellowstar thistle, Centaurea solstitialis and Russian Knapweed, Acroptilon/Centaurea repens
Macademia nuts, Macademia intergrifolia and tetraphylla
MoA and toxin are unknown
CS - weakness in hind limbs, depression, ataxia, tremors, hyperthermia, lameness, recumbency, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, pale MM
Full recovery in 2 days
Plants causing mechanical injury
Cactus family, Cactaceae
Jimsonweed seed pods, Datura stramonium
Cocklebur seed pods, Xanthium strumarium
thorns, spines, stinging or irritating hair
