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Toxicology > Toxic Principles of Plants > Flashcards

Toxic Principles of Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical signs associated with toxicosis from a plant with insoluble calcium oxalate?

A

irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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2
Q 
Which insoluble calcium oxalate plant has proteolytic enzymes that release histamines and kinins that increase mechanical damage, in addition to the normal MoA of penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals?
A) Devils Ivy, Epiprenum spp.
B) Flamingo plant, Anthurium spp.
C) Philodendron spp.
D) Dumcane varieties, Dieffenbachia spp.
A

D - Dumcane varieties, Dieffenbachia spp.

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3
Q

Plants that have insoluble calcium oxalate

A 
Chinese evergreen, Aglaonema spp.
Alocacia (Elephant's ear), Alocacia spp.
Flamingo plant, Anthurium spp.
jack-in-the-Pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum
Cuckoo-pint, arum maculatum
Caladium varieties, Caladium spp.
Dumcane varieties, Dieffenbachia spp.
Pothos (Devil's Ivy), Epipremnum spp.
Cutleaf philodendron (Swiss cheese plant), Monstera deliciosa
Philodendron varieties, Philodendron spp.
Peace Lily, Spathiphyllum spp.
Skunk Cabage, Sympolocarpus foetidus
Arrowhead vine (Nephthytis), Syngonium podophyllum
Calla/Arum Lily, Zantedeschia oethiopica
Umbrella tree, Schefflera spp.
Fishtail palm, Caryota mitis
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4
Q

Mechanism of action of soluble oxalate

A

hypocalcemia, precipitation of Ca oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage

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5
Q 
Clinical signs associated with soluble oxalate?
A) GI signs
B) neuro deficits
C) kidney damage
D) All of the above
A

C - kidney damage (and hypocalcemia)

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6
Q

Plants that have soluble oxalate

A 
Halogeton, Halogeten spp.
Greasewood, Sarcobatus vermiculatus
Pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus
Beet, beta vulgaris
Lamb's quarters, chenopodium album
Rhubarb, Rheum rhaponiticum
Sorrel and soursop, Oxalis spp.
Purslane, Portulacca oleracea
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7
Q 
Which of the following causes abortion in cattle?
A) Halogeten, Halogeten spp.
B) Ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa
C) Lamb's quarters, chenopodium album
D) Purslane, Portulacca oleracea
A

B - Ponderosa pine, pines ponderosa

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8
Q 
Toxic principle of Ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa and Monterey cyprus, Cupressus macrocarpus?
A) Lycorine
B) Diterpine alkaloids
C) Soluble oxalate
D) Isocupressic acid
A

D - isocupressic acid

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9
Q

Mechanism of action of isocupressic acid?

A

vasoconstriction, decreases uterine blood flow, stimulates release of fetal cortisol resulting in abortion (cattle)

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10
Q 
Which of the following toxic principles results in primary photosensitization after the ingestion of St. John's wort, Hypericum perforatum and Buckwheat, Fagopyrun esculentum?
A) Quinone
B) Tannic acid
C) Colchicine
D) Titerpine acid
A

A - quinone

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11
Q

Mechanism of action of quinone (found in St. John’s wort, Hypericum perforatum and Buckwheat, Fagopyrun esculentum)

A

primary photosensitization - only in light or unpigmented skin, sun reacts with compound (quinone in this case) in the blood

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12
Q

Clinical signs of St. John’s wort, Hypericum perforatum and Buckwheat, Fagopyrun esculentum toxicity?

A

Photosensitization signs - erythema, pruritus, edema, necrosis of the skin, secondary bacterial infections

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13
Q

Which plants contain tannic acid (tannin)

A

Oak tree, Quercus spp. and Pride of Barbados, Caesalpinia spp.

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14
Q

MoA of tannic acid (tannin)

A

tissue damage including GI lesions and kidney damage

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15
Q

A cow ingests a toxic amount of acorns. What toxic principle is associated with acorns and what clinical signs do you expect to see?

A

Acorns come from oak trees, Quercus spp. so toxic principle is tannic acid (tannin). Expect to see constipation, brown urine, antony, anorexia and depression

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16
Q

Clinical signs in a monogastric that ingests tannic acid (tannin)

A

Oak tree, Quercus spp. and Pride of Barbados, Caesalpinia spp.
- expect mainly GI signs: colic, depression, icterus, constipation, hemorrhagic diarrhea, hemaglobinuria

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17
Q

A farmer calls you because his cows and horses got into a field of Lantana (yellow sage), Lantana camara. He is worried because he knows this plant contains triterpene acid which is toxic. What signs should he watch for in each species?

A

Horses - are resistant! Doesn’t have to worry

Cows - depression, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, icterus. photophobia, erythema of skin, swelling, necrosis and sloughing

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18
Q

2 mechanisms of action of toxicity of Lantana (yellow sage), Lanatana camara

A

Lantadene A and B cause damage to bile canaliculi membranes and cholestasis = liver damage

hepatic photosensitization due to decreased elimination of chlorophyll metabolite phylloerythrin

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19
Q 
Toxic principle of Lantana (yellow sage), Latadene camara?
A) Colchicine
B) Titerpene acid
C) Lycorine
D) Muscarine
A

B - titerpene acid

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20
Q

Which two plants are anti mitotic?

A 
Autumn crocus (meadow saffron), Colchicum autumnale
and Glory (climbing) lily
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21
Q 
Toxic principle of Autumn crocus (meadow saffron), Colchicum autumnale and Glory (climbing) lily?
A) Colchicine
B) Diterpene alkaloids
C) Lycorine
D) Anthraquinone
A

A - colchicine

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22
Q

Clinical signs of ingestion of toxic levels of plans containing Colchicine?

A

GI signs - stomatitis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, GI hemorrhage
CV signs - hypotension and cardiac arrhythmias
Resp signs, renal and hepatic failure, seizures, coagulopathies, myelosuppression

bottom line - it is antimitotic so many organs will be affected, and rapidly dividing cells are most sensitive

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23
Q

A farmer calls you because he switched all of his animals to a new pasture. His cows all dropped dead, and his sheep are staggering, collapsing, show signs of muscle weakness, and are bloated. You immediately visit the farm and notice there are Larkspur (Dephinium), Delphinium spp. and Monkshade (Aconite), Aconitum spp. scattered throughout the pasture. What is the toxic principle associated with these plants and how would you treat the sick animals?

A

Toxic principle - Diterpene alkaloids
MoA - competitive blockade of nicotinic receptors at muscle endplate

Treatment - physostigmine or neostigmine

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24
Q

Clinical signs associated with Ergot, Claviceps purpurea toxicicosis?

A

Vasoconstriction and gangrene, uterine contraction and abortion (chronic presentation)

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25
Q 
Toxic principle of Locoweed (milk vetches), Atragalus and Oxytropis spp?
A) Indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine)
B) Cardiac glycoside
C) Calcinogenic glycoside
D) Thiaminase
A

A - indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine)

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26
Q

Mechanism of action of indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine) containing plants (Locoweed (milk vetches), Atragalus and Oxytropis spp)

A

inhibition of lysosomal enzymes decrease glycoproteins.

Also peripheral neuronal degeneration via nitropropanol glycoside, abnormal hoof and hair via selenium

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27
Q

Clinical signs associated with Locoweed (milk vetches), Atragalus and Oxytropis spp.

A

Neuronal signs - depression, incoordination, ataxia, circling, abnormal behaviour
Infertility, congenital defects, heart failure, weight loss, decreased immunity

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28
Q 
Which species is locoism most common in?
A) Cows
B) Dogs
C) Sheep
D) Horses
A

D - horses

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29
Q

Species of plants containing Lycorine

A 
Narcissus, Narcissus spp.
Kaffir lily, Clivia spp.
Spider lily, Hymenoocallis caribaea
Barbados (fire) lily, Hippeastrum spp.
Zephyr (rain) lily, Zephyranthes spp.
River lily, Crinum bulbispermum
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30
Q 
Most toxic part of the plants that contain Lycorine?
A) Stem
B) Roots
C) Bulb
D) Leaves
A

C - bulb

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31
Q 
Which are NOT clinical signs associated with Lycorine?
A) vomiting and diarrhea
B) anorexia
C) abortions
D) muscle tremors/seizures
A

C - abortions

we also see salivation with Lycorine

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32
Q

A dog owner frantically calls you because her dog ate a red mushroom with spots that looks like it is straight out of Alice and Wonderland. What mushroom do you think it ate judging by the description, what is the toxic principle associated with it, and how would you treat it?

A

Poisonous mushroom, Amanita muscaria
toxic principle - Muscarine
Treatment - Atropine, symptomatic treatment and decontaminate

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33
Q

T/F: ingestion of Amanita muscaria results in CNS depression

A

False, it involves stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors resulting in CNS stimulation

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34
Q

Plants containing piperidine alkaloids

A 
Poison/spotted Hemlock (california/nebraska fern), Conium maculatum
Lupines, Lupinus spp.
Tobacco, Nicotiana tobaccum
Tree tobacco, Nicotiana glucagon
Coyote tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata
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35
Q 
A calf is born with a cleft palate and other skeletal malformations. Which toxic principle has the potential to cause this?
A) pyridine alkaloids
B) Piperidine alkaloids
C) pyrrolizidine alkaloids
D) Xanthine alkaloids
A

B - piperidine alkaloids

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36
Q

MoA of piperidine alkaloids

A

nicotinic effects starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic and neuromuscular blockade

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37
Q

Clinical signs associated with piperidine alkaloids

A

ataxia, incoordination and birth defects (cleft palate and skeletal malformations)

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38
Q

Plants containing pyridine alkaloids (nicotine and lobeline)

A

Tobacco plant, Nicotiana tabacum
Tree tobacco, nicotiana gluca
Lobelia, Lobelia spp.

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39
Q 
Which of the following doesn't cause death due to respiratory failure?
A) Tobacco plant, Nicotiana tabacum
B) Lupines, Lupinus spp.
C) Tree tobacco, nicotiana gluca
D) Lobelia, Lobelia spp.
A

B - lupines, lupinus spp

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40
Q

Low doses of pyridine alkaloids cause ________ while high doses cause _______.

A

Low doses of pyridine alkaloids cause depolarization while high doses cause blockade

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41
Q

Clinical signs associated with pyridine alkaloids (nicotine and lobeline)

A

rapid onset
- excitation, salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, tachypnea, muscle twitching, weakness, dyspnea
death due to respiratory failure

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42
Q

Which two plants contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and what is the MoA

A

Rattlebox (crotolaria), Crotolaria spp.
Senecio/groundsel/ragwort, Senecio spp.

Hepatotoxic

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43
Q

T/F: plants in the nightshade family are only toxic once they have matured

A

False, they are only toxic when they are green and immature

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44
Q

Plants containing solanine and solanidine alkaloids

A 
Black nightshade, Solanum niger
American nightshade, Solanum americanum
Eggplant, Solanum melongena
Tomato, lycopersicon lycopersicon
Turkey berry, Solanum torvum
Chalice vine, Solandra guttota
Chinese lantern, Physalis spp.
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45
Q 
Typical signs associated with solanine and solanidine alkaloids?
A) CNS signs
B) GI signs
C) cardiac and respiratory signs
D) All of the above
A

D - all of the above

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46
Q

Which plant contains taxine alkaloids and what clinical signs are associated with it?

A

Japanese yew, Taxus spp.

Cardiotoxic (similar to cardiac glycosides) and GI signs

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47
Q

Plants containing tropane alkaloids

A

Jimsonweed/thornapple/angel’s trumpet, Datura stramonium
Devil’s trumpet, Datura metel
Angel’s trumpet, Brugmansia candida
Henbane, Hyoscyamus spp.

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48
Q

T/F: all parts of plants containing tropane alkaloids are toxic

A

True

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49
Q

Clinical signs associated with plants containing tropane alkaloids? What is the treatment?

A

GI, CNS (convulsive seizures), mydriasis, tachycardia

Treat: physostigmine

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50
Q 
Which is not a toxic principle found in coffee and chocolate?
A) caffine
B) theophylline
C) theobromide
D) anthraquinone
A

D - anthraquinone

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51
Q

Which two plants contain xanthine alkaloids?

A

Cocoa, Theobroma cocao

Coffee, coffea arabica

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52
Q

Mechanism of action of xanthine alkaloids

A

Block adenosine receptors thus inhibiting phosphodiesterase

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53
Q

Clinical signs associated with ingestion of coffee or chocolate?

A

Happiness!! just kidding…

salivation, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, CNS stimulation, convulsive seizures, muscle tremors, tachycardia, hypotension, urination

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54
Q

Plants containing anthraquinone

A

Cascara sagrada from small tree Rhamnus purshiana DC
Buckthorn, Rhamnus spp.
Coffee weed/Senna, Senna occidentalis
Aloe, Aloe vera

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55
Q 
Which of the plants containing anthraquinone also has an unknown principle that causes skeletal and muscle degeneration leading to kidney damage?
A) Cascara sagrada
B) Buckthorn, Rhamnus spp.
C) Coffee weed/Senna, Senna occidentalis
D) Aloe, Aloe vera
A

C - coffee weed/Senna, Senna occidentalis

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56
Q

Main effect of anthraquinone?

A

purgative

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57
Q

Horses that consume Coffee weed/Senna, Senna occidentalis die from ________

A

Liver failure

58
Q 
Calcinogenic glycosides are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ analogs.
A) Vitamin D
B) PTH
C) calcitonin
D) calcium
A

A - vitamin D

59
Q

MoA of calcinogenic glycosides?

A

calcification of elastic tissues of arteries, tendons and ligaments, increased bone density

60
Q

Plants containing calcinogenic glycosides?

A

Day-blooming jasmine, Cestrum diurnum and Turkey berry, Solanum torvum

61
Q

Cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium toxic principle is _______.
A) cardiac glycoside
B) calcinogenic glycoside
C) carboxylate-atractyloside (sulfated glycoside)
D) Coumarin glycoside

A

C - carboxylate-atractyloside (sulfated glycoside)

62
Q

2 effects of Cocklebur, xanthium strumarium (toxic principle is carboxylate-atractyloside, sulfated glycoside)

A 
#1 - hepatotoxicity
#2 - mechanical injury to mouth causing excessive salivation, renal damage, hypoglycemia
63
Q

Plants containing cardiac glycosides

A 
Foxglove, Digitalis purpurea
Oleander, Nerium oleander
Yellow oleander/lucky nut/Be-still tree, Thevetia peruviana
Squill, Ureginea maritima
Lily of the Valley, Convallaria majalis
Milkweed, Asclepias spp.
Kallanchoe, Kallanchoe spp.
Periwinkle, Cathanranthus roseus/Vinca roseus
64
Q

Main signs associated with cardiac glycosides?

A

cardio toxicity by inhibiting Na/K ATPase

GI irritant

65
Q

Treatment of cardiac glycoside toxicity?

A

Digi-bind (Digoxin immune Fab)

66
Q

Which of the following is one of the most toxic plants (1 leaf can kill an animal)
A) Foxglove Digitalis purpurea
B) Oleander, Nerium oleander
C) Lily of the valley, Convallaria majalis
D) Flax, Linum spp.

A

B - Oleander, nerium oleander

67
Q 
An animal ingests an alarming amount of Sweet clover, Melilotos officinalis. What is your main concern?
A) CNS signs
B) Sudden death
C) Hemorrhage
D) GI signs
A

C - hemorrhaging

The toxic principle coumarin glycoside form dicoumarol in spoiled plants, inhibit Vitamin K

68
Q

4 coagulation factors that rely on vitamin K

A

2, 7, 9, 10

69
Q

Mechanism of action of coumarin glycosides

A

Form dicoumarol in spoiled plants, inhibit vitamin K epoxide reductase resulting in deficiency of coagulation factors 2, 7, 9, 10

70
Q

How would you treat an animal that has sweet clover, Melilotus officinalis toxicity?

A

Give it Vitamin K or whole blood

71
Q

Plants that release cyanogenic glycosides

A

wild cherries, prunus spp.
Johnsongrass/ Sudan grass/ Sorghum, Sorghum spp.
Elderberry, Sambucus canadensis

72
Q

Acute clinical signs of cyanogenic glycoside ingestion

A

inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and inhibition of cellular respiration, vasoconstriction, inhibition of glycolysis, inhibition of citric acid cycle, irritation of MM

73
Q

chronic clinical signs of cyanogenic glycoside ingestion

A

neuronal degeneration and antithyroid effect

74
Q

Plants containing cycasin

A

Sago palm, Cycas circinalis
Japanese cycad, Cycas revoluta
Cardboard palm, Zamia furfuraceae
Coontie, Zamia pulmila

75
Q 
Which species gets "Zamia staggers" from ingestion of plants containing cycasin?
A) Horses
B) Cows
C) Cats
D) Chickens
A

B - cows

76
Q

Mechanism of action of plants containing cycasin

A

Cycasin - glycoside that causes GI irritation and liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic

BMAA (B-methylamino-L-alanine) - neurotoxic AA

Unknown toxin - axonal degeneration of CNS

77
Q 
Clinical signs of ingestion of any of the following:
Sago palm, Cycas circinalis
Japanese cycad, Cycas revoluta
Cardboard palm, Zamia furfuraceae
Coontie, Zamia pulmila
A

cycasin toxin - GI and liver disease syndrome or ataxia and CNS syndrome

78
Q

Main effect of plants containing glucosinolate (thiocyanate glycoside) is

A

antithyroid

79
Q

Plants containing glucosinolate (thiocyanate glycoside)

A

rape seed/kale/broccoli/brussel sprouts/cabbage/turnip/cauliflower, Brassica spp.
Soybean, Glycine spp.
Flax, linum spp.

80
Q 
Which of the following is not anti-thyroid?
A) Flax, linum spp.
B) Coontie, Zamia pulmila
C) Brassica spp.
D) Soybean, Glycine spp.
A

B - Coontie, Zamia pulmila

81
Q

Plants containing nitropropanol glycoside

A

Milkvetch, Astragalus spp.
Violets, Viola spp.
Lotus, Lotus spp.
Indigo, Indigofera spp.

82
Q

T/F: Nitropropanol glycoside containing plants inhibit enzymes of the Krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation

A

True

83
Q 
Clinical signs associated with ingestion of plants containing nitropropanol glycosides 
Milkvetch, Astragalus spp.
Violets, Viola spp.
Lotus, Lotus spp.
Indigo, Indigofera spp.
A

Cattle and sheep - respiratory and neurologic signs, cracker heels or roaring disease

Horses and rodents - neurologic signs

84
Q

Plants containing phytoestrogens

A

White clover, Trifolium repens
Subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum
Alfalfa, Medicago sativa

85
Q

A farmer calls you because he is concerned about the reproductive health of his cattle herd. His fertility rates in females has dropped substantially and his bulls have a decreased libido. Which of the following is NOT a cause of these signs?
A) White clover, Trifolium repens
B) Beargrass, Nolina spp.
C) Subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum
D) Alfalfa, Medicago sativa

A

B - Beargrass, Nolina spp.

86
Q

Mechanism of action of phytoestrogens

A

bind to estrogen receptors

87
Q

Anemone/Ranunculus/Clematis/Hellborus, Ranunculaceae

A

Toxic principle - Protoanemonin
MoA - volatile oil released by hydrolysis of glycoside
CS - severe irritation of the GI mucosa and dermatitis

88
Q

Bracken/brake fern, Pteridium aquilinum

A

Toxic principle - Ptaquiloside
MoA - death of precursor cells in BM, neoplasia in the UT, tumors in the URT and retinal degeneration
Clinical Signs - aplastic anemia, Enzootic bovine hematuria, bright blindness in sheep

89
Q

Which is associated with Enzootic bovine hematuria?
A) Bracken/brake fern, Pteridium aquilinum
B) Agave, Agave Iechugilla
C) White clover, Trifolium repens
D) Alfalfa, Medicago sativa

A

A - Bracken/brake fern, Pteridium aquilinum

90
Q

Plants containing steroidal saponins

A

Agave, Agave lechugilla
Beargrass, Nolina spp.
Panicum spp.

91
Q

MoA of steroidal saponins

A

liver damage, inability to eliminate chlorophyll metabolite phylloerythrin –> hepatic photosensitization

92
Q

Toxic principle found in cottonseed, Gossypium spp.?

A

Gossypol

93
Q

T/F: Heat increases the toxicity of gossypol

A

False. Protein bound gossypol is not toxic, while free unbound gossypol is. Heat increases protein binding of gossypol thus reducing the toxicity.

94
Q

Mechanism of action of gossypol

A

Cardiotoxic and secondary liver damage, destroys seminiferous tubules, binds to proteins, AAs, iron

95
Q

Clinical signs of gossypol

A 
Chronic
Monogastrics more sensitive
cardiac toxicity
male infertility
protein malnutrition, enzyme inhibition, interferes with Hb synthesis
96
Q

Iron salts ______ toxicity of gossypol by _____ excretion.

A

Decrease, increasing

97
Q

Molybdenum toxicosis

A

signs of copper deficiency including watery, bubbly diarrhea, wasting, depigmentation, demyelination, osteoporosis

98
Q

Signs of copper toxicity from clovers?

A

liver damage, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia

99
Q

Plants that are associated with Selenium toxicosis

A 
Aster, Aster spp. 
Woody Aster, Xylorrhiza spp.
Princess's plume, Stanlyea spp.
Milk vetch, Astragalus spp.
Goldenwood, Onopsis spp.
Paintbrush, Castilleja spp.
Saltbrush, Atriplex spp.
Alfalfa, Medicago sativa
Tall grasses, Sorghum spp.
100
Q

Acute signs of Selenium toxicosis

A

GI irritation and respiratory signs

101
Q

Chronic signs of Selenium toxicosis

A

hoof and hair abnormalities

102
Q

Plants associated with Nitrate toxicosis

A 
Pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus
Oats, Avena sativa
Johnsongrass/Sudan grass/Milo, Sorghum spp.
Corn/maize, Zea mays
Beet, Beta vulgaris
Lamb's quarters, Chenopodium album
Sweet clover, Melilotus officinalis
Alfalfa, Medicago sativa
Wheat, Triticum aestivum
Sunflower, Helianthus annuus
103
Q

Signs of acute nitrate toxicosis

A

GI irritation. Nitrite reduced to nitrate by nitrite reductase. Nitrite causes oxidation of ferrous Fe of hemoglobin to ferric iron and formation of methemoglobin. Respiratory insufficiency signs due to inability of blood to carry oxygen. Fetal methemoglobinemia and death causing abortion

104
Q

Signs of chronic nitrate toxicosis

A

decreased progesterone during pregnancy and abortion

reduced performance

105
Q

Dimethyl disulfide

A

Mustards, Brassica spp.
MoA - oxidation of RBCs
CS - anemia, depression, hemoglobinuria, hemoglobinemia, icterus, cyanosis, Heinz bodies

106
Q

Plants associated with diterpene esters

A 
Chenille plant/cat tail, Acalypha hispida
Croton, Codiaeum variegatum
Candelabra "cactus", Euphorbia lacta
Crown of thorns, Euphorbia milii var splendens
Poinsetta, Euphorbia pulcherrima
Pencil tree, Euphorbia tirucalli
Manchineel, Hippomane manchinella
Sandbox tree, Hura crepitant
Physic nut, Jatropha curcas
Wild physic nut, Jatrophagossypifolia
107
Q

MoA of diterpene esters

A

Direct irritation to skin and mucus membranes

Activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction

108
Q

CS of diterpene esters

A

irritation and blistering of GI mucosa, salivation, vomiting and diarrhea (with or without blood)

109
Q

T/F: signs of diterpene esters are more severe in small animals than large animals

A

False, more severe in large animals

110
Q

Plants associated with Grayanotoxins

A

Rhododendron/Azalea, Rhododendron spp.
Mountain laurel/sheep laurel/skeepkill, Kalmia spp.
Japanese/Mountain pieris, Pieris spp.
Dog hobble/dog laurel/black laurel, Leucothoe spp.
Maleberry/fetterbush/staggerbush, Lyonia spp.

111
Q

MoA of grayanotoxins

A

Bind to Na channels in excitable cells, increase permeability and depolarization, irritation of GI mucosa

112
Q

Clinical signs of grayanotoxins

A

GI signs, depression, recumbency, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizures, fever
death due to aspiration pneumonia

113
Q 
A farmer calls because some of his sheep are dead. You visit the farm and conduct a necropsy, and determine the cause of death was aspiration pneumonia. Which toxic principle likely caused this?
A) Grayanotoxin
B) Lectin
C) Diterpene esters
D) Selenium toxicosis
A

A - Grayanotoxin

114
Q

Plants associated with Lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin)

A 
Castor bean, Ricinus communis
Precatory bean, Abrus precatorius
Coral plant, Jatropha crucas
Sandbox tree, Hura crepitans
Black locust, Rhobina pseudoacacia
Beans (soybean, pinto, kidney, navy)
115
Q

MoA and CS associated with Lectin

A

MoA - inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death

CS - GI signs including hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

116
Q

Meliatoxin

A

Chinaberry, Melia azedarrach

MoA - neurotoxic and enterotoxin

CS - GI signs with or without blood, CNS and peripheral signs, death from respiratory failure

117
Q

Propyl disulfide

A

Onions, garlic, shallots, chives, leek (Allium spp.)

MoA - oxygen free radicals –> damage RBC membranes –> Heinz bodies

CS - anorexia, ataxia, tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, icterus, onion odor, abortion, pale MM, weakness

118
Q

Tetradymol

A

Horsebrush, tetradymia

MoA - liver damage and inability to eliminate chlorophyll metabolite phylloerythrin resulting in hepatogenic photosensitization

CS - anorexia, depression, incoordination, dyspnea, icteruss, head pressing, skin swelling, erythema, necrosis, secondary bacterial infection
most commonly in sheep

119
Q 
Which species most affected by tetradymol?
A) Horses
B) Sheep
C) Cattle
D) Dogs
A

B - sheep

120
Q 
Which of the following does not cause hepatic photosensitization?
A) Thiaminase
B) Tetradymol
C) Steroidal saponins
D) Titerpene acid
A

A - thiaminase

121
Q

Plants associated with thiaminase

A

Horsetail, Equisetum hyemale

Bracken/brake fern, Pteridium aquilinum

122
Q

T/F: all animals are susceptible to thiamine deficiency as a result of thiaminase toxicity

A

False, rumen microbes can synthesis vitamin B1 (thiamine)

123
Q

Treatment of thiaminase toxicosis

A

Give vitamin B1 IV

124
Q

Plants associated with triterpenoid saponins

A 
Alfalfa, Medicago sativa
English/Christmas holly, Ilex aquifolium
American holly, Ilex opaca
English/common ivy, Hendra helix
Pokeweed/inkberry, Phytolacca americana
125
Q

MoA and CS of treterpenoid saponins

A

MoA - direct irritation of GI mucosa

CS - salivation, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, colic, hypothermia

126
Q

Resins or Resinoids

A

milkweeds, Asclepias spp.
Marijuana, cannabis sativa
Chinaberry, Melia azedarach

irritation of nervous or muscle tissue

127
Q

Aslike clover and red clover

A

Trifolium hybridum and Trifolium pratense

MoA - hepatotoxicity and secondary photosensitization in HORSES only, hepatic encephalopathy in large amounts

CS - lacrimation, photophobia, erythema, pruritus, edema, necrosis, sloughing of skin

128
Q

Avocado, Persea americana

A

cardio toxicity in goats, horses, rabbits and caged birds

noninfectious mastitis and agalactia in cattle, horses, goats and rabbits

129
Q

T/F: consumption of an avocado can cause agalactia in birds

A

False, birds dont have mammary glands

130
Q

Black Walnut, juglans nigra

A

ingestion of fresh shavings made from heartwood (bedding) causes laminitis in horses

131
Q

Forage induced photosensitization

A

Red clover, Trifolium pratense
Moldy wheat, Triticum aestivum
Moldy alfalfa, Medicago sativa

MoA - primary photosensitization, secondary photosensitization due to liver damage

CS - lacrimation, photophobia, erythema, pruritus, edema, necrosis, sloughing of skin

132
Q 
Grapes, Vitis spp. cause renal failure only in which species?
A) Cats
B) Dogs
C) Horses
D) Cows
A

B - dogs

133
Q

An unknown toxin in which general group of flowers causes renal failure only in cats?

A

Lilys

134
Q

Lilys that cause renal failure only in cats

A 
Easter lily, Lilium longiflorum
Tiger lily, Lilium tigrinum
Japanese show lily, Lilium hybridum
Rubrum lily, Lilium rubrum
Lily hybrids, Lilium spp.
Day lily, hemerocallis spp.
135
Q 
The Lilys that cause acute renal failure in cats have what effect on dogs?
A) Renal failure 
B) No effects
C) GI effects
D) CNS effects
A

C - GI effects including salivation, vomiting, depression, anorexia

136
Q

Redroot pigweed, Amaranthus spp.

A

Acute - nitrate –> methemoglobinemia
Chronic - abortion, soluble oxalate –> hypocalcemia and kidney damage
Unknown - renal tubular damage (ruminants, pigs, horses)

137
Q

Red Maple, Acer rubrum

A

MoA - Gallic acid in dried leaves –> hemolytic anemia, hemoglo binemia, Heinz bodies

CS - anorexia, depression, anemia, icterus, brown MM, hemoglobinuria, dyspnea, cyanosis, death. Hb can precipitate in renal tubules causing renal failure

138
Q

Senna

A

Coffee Senna, Senna occidentalis and Sicklepod, Senna otusifolia
Unknown mechanism –> skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy
Anthraquinone - cathartic

CS - diarrhea, muscle weakness, recumbency, good appetite, myoglobinuria, coffee coloured urine, tachycardia, death

139
Q

Yellowstar thistle, Centaurea solstitialis and Russian Knapweed, Acroptilon/Centaurea repens

A

Toxins (sesquiterpene lactones, aspartic acid and glutamic acid) interact with dopamine transporters resulting in death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain

CS - death of substantial nigra and globes pallidus, sudden ability to drink or eat, drowsiness, head down, dehydration
Equine nicropallidal encephalomalacia (ENE) or chewing disease

140
Q

What causes Equine nicropallidal encephalomalacia (ENE) or chewing disease ?

A

Yellowstar thistle, Centaurea solstitialis and Russian Knapweed, Acroptilon/Centaurea repens

141
Q

Macademia nuts, Macademia intergrifolia and tetraphylla

A

MoA and toxin are unknown
CS - weakness in hind limbs, depression, ataxia, tremors, hyperthermia, lameness, recumbency, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, pale MM
Full recovery in 2 days

142
Q

Plants causing mechanical injury

A

Cactus family, Cactaceae
Jimsonweed seed pods, Datura stramonium
Cocklebur seed pods, Xanthium strumarium

thorns, spines, stinging or irritating hair

Toxicology (48 decks)

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