D-Limonene and Metaldehyde

Question 1

Source of D-limonene?

Answer 1

citrus fruit peels

Question 2

Source of exposure of D-limonene?

Answer 2

Insecticide - 5%
herbicide - 70%
biodegradable - 100%

Question 3

Toxicity of D-limonene?

Answer 3

photosensitize readily oxides in air and sunlight especially to sensitive skin produce mild irritation or dermal sensitization
metabolized by liver and excreted in urine

Question 4

MoA of d-limonene

Answer 4

unknown

Question 5

clinical signs of D-limonene toxicity

Answer 5

ataxia, weakenss, recumbency, paralysis
CNS depression, hypothermia, hypotension
patient smells like lemons
mild to severe skin reaction

Question 6

Treatment of D-limonene toxicity

Answer 6

decontamination

monitor temp - watch for iatrogenic hypothermia

Question 7

Prognosis of D-limonene

Answer 7

usually excellent

Question 8

Most common molluscicide

Answer 8

metaldehyde

Question 9

T/F: metaldehyde is a neurotoxicant

Answer 9

true

Question 10

most common exposure of metaldehyde

Answer 10

ingestion of baits

Question 11

Toxicity of metaldehyde

Answer 11

inhalation is most toxic, dermal is least toxic, ingestion is intermediate and also most common

Question 12

MoA of metaldehyde

Answer 12

decreases brain GABA (neurostimulation)
increased monoamine oxidase - decreased brain serotonin and norepinephrine - reduced threshold for convulsions
- production of acidic metaldehydr metabolites - metabolic acidosis, hyperthermia
death due to resp failure (acute) or liver failure (chronic)

Question 13

Clinical signs of metaldehyde

Answer 13

severe muscle tremors, salivation, anxiety, hyperesthesia, ataxia, tachycardia, and hyperthermia
progresses to acidosis (vomiting, diarrhea, depression and hyperpnea opisthotonos and continuous tonic convulsions)

Question 14

Treatment of metaldehyde

Answer 14

no specific antidote
decontamination
fluid therapy for acidosis
monitor and manage hyperthermia
treat seizures
muscle relaxants