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TOX > Toxic Gases > Flashcards

Toxic Gases Flashcards

1
Q

Ammonia chemical compound

A

NH3

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2
Q

Sources of ammonia

A
  • decomposing manure
  • burning nylon and plastic
  • fertilizers
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3
Q

properties of ammonia

A
  • sharp odor
  • heavier than air
  • soluble in water
  • readily reacts with moisture in mucous membranes
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4
Q

ammonia toxicity

A
  • most frequently found in high concentrations in animal houses
  • livestock are most susceptible
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5
Q

Ppm level of ammonia that causes acute death

A

5,000

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6
Q

ammonia toxicokinetics

A
  • strong irritant on mucous membranes

- absorbed by inhalation

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7
Q

ammonia MOA

A
  • continuous irritation causes respiratory infections, pulmonary edema and lung congestion
  • decreased growth in young animals
  • alkalosis and compensatory acidosis
  • inhibits TCA cycle
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8
Q

Death from ammonia is due to

A

asphyxia and electrolyte/cellular metabolic effects

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9
Q

Clinical signs of ammonia toxicity

A
  • red mucous membranes, crying, sneezing, nasal discharge
  • fluid in lungs
  • cyanosis, CNS stimulation and clonic convulsions
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10
Q

CS of ammonia toxicity in birds

A

decreased growth rate and egg production

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11
Q

treatment of ammonia toxicity

A
  • remove source
  • fresh air
  • soothing ointment for eyes
  • diuretics for pulmonary edema
  • treat secondary infections
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12
Q

hydrogen sulfide chemical formula

A

H2S

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13
Q

sources of hydrogen sulfide

A
  • liberated from the decomposition of urine and feces in underfloor waste pits, deep litter, sewage, etc.
  • stuff to do with poop
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14
Q

toxicity of hydrogen sulfide

A
  • most dangerous sewage gas

- humans die at 1000 ppm

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15
Q

Acute toxic levels of hydrogen sulfide in mammals

A

500-800 ppm

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16
Q

hydrogen sulfide toxicokinetics

A
  • easily absorbed in lungs and GI
  • converted to alkali sulfides in blood
  • can get trapped as glutathione
  • excreted in feces
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17
Q

MOA of hydrogen sulfide

A
  • irritation of mucous membranes
  • inhibits cellular respiration
  • interferes with chemoreceptors –> hyperpnea
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18
Q

CS of hydrogen sulfide poisoning

A
  • collapse, cyanosis, dyspnea, anoxic convulsions, death

- lower conc. = irritation of eyes and lungs

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19
Q

Lesions with hydrogen sulfide poisoning

A
  • blood is dark and may not clot
  • tissue can be dark or green/ purple
  • carcass might smell like sewage
  • Gi contents may be black or dark gray
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20
Q

Properties of hydrogen sulfide

A
  • colorless
  • odor of rotten eggs
  • heavier than air
  • flammable
  • reacts with other metals to make the dark compound
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21
Q

treatment of hydrogen sulfide poisoning

A
  • removal of source (duh)
  • sodium nitrate IV
  • oxygen therapy, ventilation and supportive stuff
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22
Q

What is flatus

A

gas in the stomach

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23
Q

Carbon monoxide chemical formula

A

CO

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24
Q

Sources of exposure to carbon monoxide

A
  • incomplete combustion of carbon products (wood, paper, etc)
  • propane powered equipment
  • car exhaust in confined spaces
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25
Q

Properties of carbon monoxide

A
  • odorless and colorless
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26
Q

Toxicity with carbon monoxide is common or uncommon

A
  • uncommon
  • canaries used in coal mines
  • fetus is more sensitive
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27
Q

Ppm at which clinical signs and death appear from carbon monoxide poisoning

A
  • 1,000

- occurs within one hour

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28
Q

MOA of carbon monoxide

A
  • CO combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin
  • cannot carry oxygen
  • interferes with release of oxygen carried by normal hemoglobin
29
Q

Is hemoglobin more attracted to oxygen or CO

A
  • CO

- 240X greater affinity

30
Q

What is it called when carboxyhemoglobin interferes with the release of oxygen

A
  • Haldane Effect

- Leftward shift of O2 dissociation curve

31
Q

MOA of carbon monoxide

A
  • Death from hypoxia

- can interfere with cellular respiration in the mitochondria

32
Q

Clinical signs of carbon monoxide poisoning

A
  • sudden death
  • low dose= hypoxia, drowsiness, incoordination, dyspnea, lethargy, coma
  • death at 60-70% CO in one hour
33
Q

CO concentrations greater than 250 ppm cause

A
  • increased number of stillborn fetuses in pigs and sheep
34
Q

Lesions with carbon monoxide poisoning

A
  • bright red blood
  • healthy pink mucosa
  • chronic= brain edema, hemorrhage, and necrosis
35
Q

Lab work results

A
  • measure CO in air

- measure carboxyhemoglobin in blood (correlation not great)

36
Q

Treatment of carbon monoxide

A
  • oxygen or 5% CO2 in mask/ tube/ chamber with positive pressure
  • Blood transfusion
37
Q

Nitrogen oxide poisoning is also called

A

Silo filler’s disease

38
Q

Nitrogen oxide gases are produced….

A

by incomplete reduction of nitrates during fermentation in silos

39
Q

NO2 gas properties

A
  • reddish brown
  • heavier than air
  • forms layers on top of silage and then settles down the chute
40
Q

N2O4 properties

A
  • colorless
41
Q

NO2 and N2O4 mixed together

A

yellow or yellow-brown

42
Q

Nitrogen oxide gases smell like

A

chlorine-like when mixed

43
Q

Sunlight and nitrogen oxide gases

A

creates NO2 and ozone (O3)

44
Q

Nitrogen oxide gas toxicity

A
  • 50-150 ppm causes mild irritation to eyes and upper respiratory
  • Swine die from 250-310 ppm
45
Q

What is the worst way to be exposed to nitrogen oxide gases? (acute/ chronic) (high vs. low conc)

A

acute and high

46
Q

Nitrogen oxide gas toxicokinetics

A
  • will see yellow haze in the air

- form nitric acid when it contacts mucous membranes

47
Q

MOA of nitrogen oxide gases

A
  • direct irritation of membranes
  • pass through upper respiratory tract and cause lung damage
  • death from hypoxia
48
Q

Nitrogen oxide gas CS

A

respiratory signs

49
Q

Lesions with nitrogen oxide gases

A
  • pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, emphysema and inflammation of bronchioles
  • cyanosis, methemoglobinemia and necrosis of skeletal muscles
50
Q

What is methemoglobin

A

A form of hemoglobin where ferric iron has a lower binding affinity for oxygen than ferrous iron

51
Q

Treatments of nitrogen oxide gases

A
  • supportive treatment (fresh air, oxygen, diuretics)

- ointments

52
Q

Prognosis for nitrogen oxide gases

A
  • poor in animals acute/ high conc.

- good with chronic at low conc.

53
Q

Sulfur oxide gas source

A
  • industrial pollutants

- fossil fuel combustion at power plants and industrial facilities

54
Q

Sulfur oxide gas properties

A
  • sharp irritant to membranes

- causes coughing, choking and suffocation

55
Q

sulfur oxide toxicity

A
  • 500 ppm= fatal in cats within 30-60 min, dangerous to grazing animals
  • 5-40 ppm over 8 days causes poisoning in pigs
56
Q

MOA of sulfur oxide gases

A
  • direct irritation of mucosa
  • reflex bronchoconstriction
  • lung damage
  • death by hypoxia
57
Q

Clinical signs of sulfur oxide

A
  • respiratory and irritation

- treatment is similar to other gases

58
Q

smoke inhalation

A
  • 80% of fire related deaths

- synthetic materials are more flame retardant but more toxic if they do burn

59
Q

Smoke toxicity

A
  • younger pets are more likely to recover
  • no one typical kind of smoke
  • super heated air causes thermal burns
  • burns increase toxicity
60
Q

MOA of smoke inhalation

A
  • simple asphyxiants by displacing oxygen in the air (CO2 and methane)
  • chemical asphyxiants preventing the uptake of oxygen (CO)
  • irritants
61
Q

Clinical signs of smoke inhalation

A
  • respiratory (cough, wheezing, rales, crackles, etc.)
  • cardiovascular (tachycardia, hypoxemia, hypotension, arrhythmias)
  • Irritation of membranes
  • CNS signs
62
Q

Treatment of smoke inhalation

A
  • oxygen support and removal from environment
  • Beta 2 agonists
  • No steroids
  • no cough suppressants
63
Q

Indications for intubation in smoke inhalation patient

A
  • SpO2 less than 90% with oxygen
  • respiratory depression or edema
  • facial burns
64
Q

how long should you monitor a smoke inhalation patient

A
  • 6-8 hours post exposure

- recheck in 72 hours

65
Q

High water soluble smoke inhalation irritants

A
  • aldehyde
  • sulfur dioxide
  • ammonia
  • hydrogen chloride
66
Q

Intermediate water soluble smoke inhalation irritants

A
  • chlorine

- isocyanates

67
Q

Poor water soluble smoke inhalation irritants

A
  • Phosgene

- Nitrogen oxides

68
Q

What is soot

A
  • carbon particles suspended in gas and hot air
  • binds to mucosa, allowing other irritants to also bind
  • sulfur dioxide especially!!!
69
Q

The more soluble the toxin

A

the greater the injury to the mucosa

TOX (15 decks)

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