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TOX > Toxic Gases > Flashcards

Toxic Gases Flashcards

1
Q

Ammonia chemical compound

A

NH3

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2
Q

Sources of ammonia

A
  • decomposing manure
  • burning nylon and plastic
  • fertilizers
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3
Q

properties of ammonia

A
  • sharp odor
  • heavier than air
  • soluble in water
  • readily reacts with moisture in mucous membranes
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4
Q

ammonia toxicity

A
  • most frequently found in high concentrations in animal houses
  • livestock are most susceptible
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5
Q

Ppm level of ammonia that causes acute death

A

5,000

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6
Q

ammonia toxicokinetics

A
  • strong irritant on mucous membranes

- absorbed by inhalation

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7
Q

ammonia MOA

A
  • continuous irritation causes respiratory infections, pulmonary edema and lung congestion
  • decreased growth in young animals
  • alkalosis and compensatory acidosis
  • inhibits TCA cycle
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8
Q

Death from ammonia is due to

A

asphyxia and electrolyte/cellular metabolic effects

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9
Q

Clinical signs of ammonia toxicity

A
  • red mucous membranes, crying, sneezing, nasal discharge
  • fluid in lungs
  • cyanosis, CNS stimulation and clonic convulsions
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10
Q

CS of ammonia toxicity in birds

A

decreased growth rate and egg production

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11
Q

treatment of ammonia toxicity

A
  • remove source
  • fresh air
  • soothing ointment for eyes
  • diuretics for pulmonary edema
  • treat secondary infections
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12
Q

hydrogen sulfide chemical formula

A

H2S

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13
Q

sources of hydrogen sulfide

A
  • liberated from the decomposition of urine and feces in underfloor waste pits, deep litter, sewage, etc.
  • stuff to do with poop
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14
Q

toxicity of hydrogen sulfide

A
  • most dangerous sewage gas

- humans die at 1000 ppm

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15
Q

Acute toxic levels of hydrogen sulfide in mammals

A

500-800 ppm

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16
Q

hydrogen sulfide toxicokinetics

A
  • easily absorbed in lungs and GI
  • converted to alkali sulfides in blood
  • can get trapped as glutathione
  • excreted in feces
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17
Q

MOA of hydrogen sulfide

A
  • irritation of mucous membranes
  • inhibits cellular respiration
  • interferes with chemoreceptors –> hyperpnea
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18
Q

CS of hydrogen sulfide poisoning

A
  • collapse, cyanosis, dyspnea, anoxic convulsions, death

- lower conc. = irritation of eyes and lungs

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19
Q

Lesions with hydrogen sulfide poisoning

A
  • blood is dark and may not clot
  • tissue can be dark or green/ purple
  • carcass might smell like sewage
  • Gi contents may be black or dark gray
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20
Q

Properties of hydrogen sulfide

A
  • colorless
  • odor of rotten eggs
  • heavier than air
  • flammable
  • reacts with other metals to make the dark compound
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21
Q

treatment of hydrogen sulfide poisoning

A
  • removal of source (duh)
  • sodium nitrate IV
  • oxygen therapy, ventilation and supportive stuff
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22
Q

What is flatus

A

gas in the stomach

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23
Q

Carbon monoxide chemical formula

A

CO

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24
Q

Sources of exposure to carbon monoxide

A
  • incomplete combustion of carbon products (wood, paper, etc)
  • propane powered equipment
  • car exhaust in confined spaces
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25
Properties of carbon monoxide
- odorless and colorless
26
Toxicity with carbon monoxide is common or uncommon
- uncommon - canaries used in coal mines - fetus is more sensitive
27
Ppm at which clinical signs and death appear from carbon monoxide poisoning
- 1,000 | - occurs within one hour
28
MOA of carbon monoxide
- CO combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin - cannot carry oxygen - interferes with release of oxygen carried by normal hemoglobin
29
Is hemoglobin more attracted to oxygen or CO
- CO | - 240X greater affinity
30
What is it called when carboxyhemoglobin interferes with the release of oxygen
- Haldane Effect | - Leftward shift of O2 dissociation curve
31
MOA of carbon monoxide
- Death from hypoxia | - can interfere with cellular respiration in the mitochondria
32
Clinical signs of carbon monoxide poisoning
- sudden death - low dose= hypoxia, drowsiness, incoordination, dyspnea, lethargy, coma - death at 60-70% CO in one hour
33
CO concentrations greater than 250 ppm cause
- increased number of stillborn fetuses in pigs and sheep
34
Lesions with carbon monoxide poisoning
- bright red blood - healthy pink mucosa - chronic= brain edema, hemorrhage, and necrosis
35
Lab work results
- measure CO in air | - measure carboxyhemoglobin in blood (correlation not great)
36
Treatment of carbon monoxide
- oxygen or 5% CO2 in mask/ tube/ chamber with positive pressure - Blood transfusion
37
Nitrogen oxide poisoning is also called
Silo filler's disease
38
Nitrogen oxide gases are produced....
by incomplete reduction of nitrates during fermentation in silos
39
NO2 gas properties
- reddish brown - heavier than air - forms layers on top of silage and then settles down the chute
40
N2O4 properties
- colorless
41
NO2 and N2O4 mixed together
yellow or yellow-brown
42
Nitrogen oxide gases smell like
chlorine-like when mixed
43
Sunlight and nitrogen oxide gases
creates NO2 and ozone (O3)
44
Nitrogen oxide gas toxicity
- 50-150 ppm causes mild irritation to eyes and upper respiratory - Swine die from 250-310 ppm
45
What is the worst way to be exposed to nitrogen oxide gases? (acute/ chronic) (high vs. low conc)
acute and high
46
Nitrogen oxide gas toxicokinetics
- will see yellow haze in the air | - form nitric acid when it contacts mucous membranes
47
MOA of nitrogen oxide gases
- direct irritation of membranes - pass through upper respiratory tract and cause lung damage - death from hypoxia
48
Nitrogen oxide gas CS
respiratory signs
49
Lesions with nitrogen oxide gases
- pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, emphysema and inflammation of bronchioles - cyanosis, methemoglobinemia and necrosis of skeletal muscles
50
What is methemoglobin
A form of hemoglobin where ferric iron has a lower binding affinity for oxygen than ferrous iron
51
Treatments of nitrogen oxide gases
- supportive treatment (fresh air, oxygen, diuretics) | - ointments
52
Prognosis for nitrogen oxide gases
- poor in animals acute/ high conc. | - good with chronic at low conc.
53
Sulfur oxide gas source
- industrial pollutants | - fossil fuel combustion at power plants and industrial facilities
54
Sulfur oxide gas properties
- sharp irritant to membranes | - causes coughing, choking and suffocation
55
sulfur oxide toxicity
- 500 ppm= fatal in cats within 30-60 min, dangerous to grazing animals - 5-40 ppm over 8 days causes poisoning in pigs
56
MOA of sulfur oxide gases
- direct irritation of mucosa - reflex bronchoconstriction - lung damage - death by hypoxia
57
Clinical signs of sulfur oxide
- respiratory and irritation | - treatment is similar to other gases
58
smoke inhalation
- 80% of fire related deaths | - synthetic materials are more flame retardant but more toxic if they do burn
59
Smoke toxicity
- younger pets are more likely to recover - no one typical kind of smoke - super heated air causes thermal burns - burns increase toxicity
60
MOA of smoke inhalation
- simple asphyxiants by displacing oxygen in the air (CO2 and methane) - chemical asphyxiants preventing the uptake of oxygen (CO) - irritants
61
Clinical signs of smoke inhalation
- respiratory (cough, wheezing, rales, crackles, etc.) - cardiovascular (tachycardia, hypoxemia, hypotension, arrhythmias) - Irritation of membranes - CNS signs
62
Treatment of smoke inhalation
- oxygen support and removal from environment - Beta 2 agonists - No steroids - no cough suppressants
63
Indications for intubation in smoke inhalation patient
- SpO2 less than 90% with oxygen - respiratory depression or edema - facial burns
64
how long should you monitor a smoke inhalation patient
- 6-8 hours post exposure | - recheck in 72 hours
65
High water soluble smoke inhalation irritants
- aldehyde - sulfur dioxide - ammonia - hydrogen chloride
66
Intermediate water soluble smoke inhalation irritants
- chlorine | - isocyanates
67
Poor water soluble smoke inhalation irritants
- Phosgene | - Nitrogen oxides
68
What is soot
- carbon particles suspended in gas and hot air - binds to mucosa, allowing other irritants to also bind - sulfur dioxide especially!!!
69
The more soluble the toxin
the greater the injury to the mucosa

TOX (15 decks)

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