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TOX > Petroleum Products and Gases > Flashcards

Petroleum Products and Gases Flashcards

1
Q

Types of petroleum products

A

Crude oil, sour crude oil, refined oil

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2
Q

Properties of crude oil

A
  • sweet

- rich in gasoline, kerosene and naptha

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3
Q

Properties of sour crude oil

A
  • high sulfur

- lubricating oil and gas oil

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4
Q

Refined petroleum products are

A

Aliphatic hydrocarbons

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5
Q

Short chain aliphatics

A
  • less than 5 carbons
  • methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane
  • low toxicity but are very volatile
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6
Q

Long chain aliphatics

A
  • more than 5 carbons
  • gasoline, kerosene, mineral oil, turpentine
  • cause aspiration pneumonia
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7
Q

Chlorinated aliphatics

A
  • Chloroform
  • dry cleaning and degreasing solutions
  • CNS issues
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8
Q

Aromatic/Polycyclic hydrocarbons

A
  • quick dry paints, resins, glues, plastics
  • benzene, toluene, xylene
  • bone marrow suppression
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9
Q

Uses of petroleum

A
  • Fuel
  • Solvents
  • Inerts
  • lubricants
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10
Q

Source of exposure

A
  • household
  • drill sites
  • oil spills
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11
Q

Toxic properties

A
  • highly irritant to skin and mucous membranes

- oily

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12
Q

Chlorinated napthalenes cause

A

bovine skin hyperkeratosis

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13
Q

Chemical properties

A
  • high boiling points = less volatile = waxes and mineral oil are relatively non toxic due to poor absorption
  • low boiling points= more volatile = more toxic because they mess up the lungs
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14
Q

the most toxic Petroleum products have

A
  • low boiling point
  • low viscosity
  • low surface tension
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15
Q

Which is more lethal? sweet crude oil or sour crude oil

A

sweet (gasoline)

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16
Q

Which species is most susceptible to crude petroleum

A

Cattle

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17
Q

Which animals are most frequently poisoned

A

small animals

18
Q

Toxicokinetics

A
  • Absorbed from GI, skin and inhalation

- absorption is inversely proportional to molecular weight

19
Q

Which hydrocarbons are more readily absorbed

A

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

20
Q

Excretion

A
  • changed in liver and excreted in urine

- if volatile might be through lungs

21
Q

Cause of death

A
  • aspiration pneumonia from vomiting

- chemical pneumonitis

22
Q

Dolphins can

A

vomit

23
Q

MOA

A
  • irritation of GI
  • systemic CNS effects
  • liver and kidney damage
24
Q

CS

A
  • shivering, incoordination, anorexia, weight loss, fever, coughing, etc.
  • smell of oil
  • oil in feces
  • possible CNS signs
25
Q

Lesions

A
  • Ulceration in trachea
  • oil in bronchi or GI
  • necrosis of liver and kidney
26
Q

Treatment

A
  • Activated charcoal and mineral oil
  • rest
  • supportive
27
Q

Contraindicated treatments

A
  • emetics and gastric lavage

- glucocorticoids

28
Q

DDT MOA

A
  • doesnt allow sodium potassium transport across axonal membranes
  • neurotoxin
29
Q

DDT toxicity

A
  • Kills insects
  • Fish= repro and CNS
  • Birds= eggshell thinning
  • mammals = liver, kidney, CNS, cancer
30
Q

DDT half life

A
  • long half life

- bioaccumulation and magnification

31
Q

Sodium Fluoride

A

highly toxic and no longer used

32
Q

Fluoride sources

A
  • contamination from industry

- herbaceous parts of plants accumulate large amounts

33
Q

Properties of fluoride

A
  • strong affinity for calcium, aluminum and iron
34
Q

Toxicity of fluoride

A
  • chronic is most common

- herbivores

35
Q

Increase toxicity of fluoride

A
  • age: young animals more sensitive

- can cross placental barrier but doesn’t usually affect fetus

36
Q

Toxicokinetics of fluoride

A
  • absorbed through GI and distributed
  • milk fluoride is not easily absorbed
  • stored in bones and teeth
  • Mainly excreted in urine
37
Q

MOA of fluoride

A
  • Caustic to GI

- inhibits mitochondrial enzymes

38
Q

Chronic fluoride tox

A
  • production of abnormal bone (exostosis and sclerosis)

- discoloration of teeth

39
Q

Acute fluoride tox

A
  • rapid onset
  • GI signs
  • CNS stimulation
  • stiffness and weakness
  • death from respiratory and cardiac failure
40
Q

Collecting specimens

A
  • Bone when dead

- urine can confirm exposure

41
Q

Treatment

A

aluminum salts and other things to form insoluble fluoride in gut

TOX (15 decks)

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