Petroleum Products and Gases

Question 1

Types of petroleum products

Answer 1

Crude oil, sour crude oil, refined oil

Question 2

Properties of crude oil

Answer 2

• sweet

- rich in gasoline, kerosene and naptha

Question 3

Properties of sour crude oil

Answer 3

• high sulfur

- lubricating oil and gas oil

Question 4

Refined petroleum products are

Answer 4

Aliphatic hydrocarbons

Question 5

Short chain aliphatics

Answer 5

• less than 5 carbons
• methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane
• low toxicity but are very volatile

Question 6

Long chain aliphatics

Answer 6

• more than 5 carbons
• gasoline, kerosene, mineral oil, turpentine
• cause aspiration pneumonia

Question 7

Chlorinated aliphatics

Answer 7

• Chloroform
• dry cleaning and degreasing solutions
• CNS issues

Question 8

Aromatic/Polycyclic hydrocarbons

Answer 8

• quick dry paints, resins, glues, plastics
• benzene, toluene, xylene
• bone marrow suppression

Question 9

Uses of petroleum

Answer 9

• Fuel
• Solvents
• Inerts
• lubricants

Question 10

Source of exposure

Answer 10

• household
• drill sites
• oil spills

Question 11

Toxic properties

Answer 11

• highly irritant to skin and mucous membranes

- oily

Question 12

Chlorinated napthalenes cause

Answer 12

bovine skin hyperkeratosis

Question 13

Chemical properties

Answer 13

• high boiling points = less volatile = waxes and mineral oil are relatively non toxic due to poor absorption
• low boiling points= more volatile = more toxic because they mess up the lungs

Question 14

the most toxic Petroleum products have

Answer 14

• low boiling point
• low viscosity
• low surface tension

Question 15

Which is more lethal? sweet crude oil or sour crude oil

Answer 15

sweet (gasoline)

Question 16

Which species is most susceptible to crude petroleum

Answer 16

Cattle

Question 17

Which animals are most frequently poisoned

Answer 17

small animals

Question 18

Toxicokinetics

Answer 18

• Absorbed from GI, skin and inhalation

- absorption is inversely proportional to molecular weight

Question 19

Which hydrocarbons are more readily absorbed

Answer 19

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Question 20

Excretion

Answer 20

• changed in liver and excreted in urine

- if volatile might be through lungs

Question 21

Cause of death

Answer 21

• aspiration pneumonia from vomiting

- chemical pneumonitis

Question 22

Dolphins can

Answer 22

vomit

Question 23

MOA

Answer 23

• irritation of GI
• systemic CNS effects
• liver and kidney damage

Question 24

CS

Answer 24

• shivering, incoordination, anorexia, weight loss, fever, coughing, etc.
• smell of oil
• oil in feces
• possible CNS signs

Question 25

Lesions

Answer 25

- Ulceration in trachea - oil in bronchi or GI - necrosis of liver and kidney

Question 26

Treatment

Answer 26

- Activated charcoal and mineral oil - rest - supportive

Question 27

Contraindicated treatments

Answer 27

- emetics and gastric lavage | - glucocorticoids

Question 28

DDT MOA

Answer 28

- doesnt allow sodium potassium transport across axonal membranes - neurotoxin

Question 29

DDT toxicity

Answer 29

- Kills insects - Fish= repro and CNS - Birds= eggshell thinning - mammals = liver, kidney, CNS, cancer

Question 30

DDT half life

Answer 30

- long half life | - bioaccumulation and magnification

Question 31

Sodium Fluoride

Answer 31

highly toxic and no longer used

Question 32

Fluoride sources

Answer 32

- contamination from industry | - herbaceous parts of plants accumulate large amounts

Question 33

Properties of fluoride

Answer 33

- strong affinity for calcium, aluminum and iron

Question 34

Toxicity of fluoride

Answer 34

- chronic is most common | - herbivores

Question 35

Increase toxicity of fluoride

Answer 35

- age: young animals more sensitive | - can cross placental barrier but doesn't usually affect fetus

Question 36

Toxicokinetics of fluoride

Answer 36

- absorbed through GI and distributed - milk fluoride is not easily absorbed - stored in bones and teeth - Mainly excreted in urine

Question 37

MOA of fluoride

Answer 37

- Caustic to GI | - inhibits mitochondrial enzymes

Question 38

Chronic fluoride tox

Answer 38

- production of abnormal bone (exostosis and sclerosis) | - discoloration of teeth

Question 39

Acute fluoride tox

Answer 39

- rapid onset - GI signs - CNS stimulation - stiffness and weakness - death from respiratory and cardiac failure

Question 40

Collecting specimens

Answer 40

- Bone when dead | - urine can confirm exposure

Question 41

Treatment

Answer 41

aluminum salts and other things to form insoluble fluoride in gut