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TOX > Herbicides > Flashcards

Herbicides Flashcards

1
Q

Amides

A
  • Alachlor
  • Bensulide
  • Propachlor
  • Propanil
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2
Q

Benzoic acids

A
  • Chloramben
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3
Q

Carbamates

A
  • Chloropropham
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4
Q

Dinitroanilines

A
  • Benefin
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5
Q

Diphenyl esters

A
  • Nitrofen
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6
Q

Dipyridyls

A
  • Paraquat

- Diquat

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7
Q

Nitriles

A
  • Dichlobenil
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8
Q

Organoarsenicals

A

MSMA (methyl arsonic acid)

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9
Q

Phenoxy acids

A

-2,4-D

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10
Q

Phtalamic acids

A

Naptalam

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11
Q

Thiocarbamates

A
  • EPTC

- Triallate

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12
Q

Triazines

A
  • Atrazine

- Simazine

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13
Q

2,4- D source

A
  • sprayed on forages at set concentration
  • accidental ingestion
  • grazing freshly sprayed pastures or lawns
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14
Q

2-4D properties

A
  • alter metabolism of plants
  • increases plant accumulation of nitrate or cyanide
  • not stable in environment
  • not degraded by rumen flora
  • can make poisonous plants more palatable
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15
Q

2-4D toxicity causes

A

GI mucosa irritation

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16
Q

2-4D toxicity

A
  • dogs are the most susceptible, followed by cattle

- acute oral LD50 in dogs is 100 mg/ kg

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17
Q

2-4D toxicokinetics

A
  • Absorbed by GI or inhalation, not skin
  • distributed throughout the body
  • meat residue unlikely
  • half life is short in all species except dogs
  • excreted in urine
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18
Q

MOA of 2-4D

A
  • irritation of GI mucosa
  • affects skeletal membranes in dogs
  • uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and depresses ribonuclease activity
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19
Q

Clinical signs of 2-4D (general)

A
  • non specific

- GI and neuromuscular

20
Q

Clinical signs of 2-4D in ruminants

A
  • anorexia, rumen atony, bloat, diarrhea, mouth ulcers

- depression, muscle weakness and emaciation with no convulsions

21
Q

Clinical signs of 2 4D in dogs

A
  • anorexia, vomitting, and bloody diarrhea
  • myotonia and weakness
  • rigidity of skeletal muscles
  • high doses = rapid onset
22
Q

Lab results with 2,4D

A
  • elevated ALP, lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine phosphokinase
23
Q

Diagnosis of 2,4D

A

difficult without history of ingestion

24
Q

Treatment of 2,4D

A
  • no specific antidote
  • detox (wash skin and activated charcoal)
  • supportive
25
Q

Dipyridyl (Paraquat) is stable or unstable in the environment

A

unstable, inactivated by light and soil

26
Q

Solubility from greatest to least of paraquat

A
  • most soluble in water
  • poorly soluble in alcohol
  • insoluble hydrocarbon solvents
27
Q

When is paraquat stable in the environment

A
  • acidic or neutral conditions

- destroyed by alkali

28
Q

Paraquat binds strongly to

A
  • soil
29
Q

Paraquat is caustic to

A

mucous membranes

30
Q

Paraquat toxicity

A
  • dogs are especially susceptible
  • Oral Ld50 = 25-75 mg/ kg
  • daily exposure 170 ppm= chronic tox and death in dogs
31
Q

What enhances paraquat toxicity

A
  • Vitamin E and selenium def.
  • depletion of tissue glutathione
  • oxygen therapy
32
Q

Diquat is well or poorly absorbed from the GI tract

A

poorly

33
Q

Paraquat is absorbed from

A
  • 20% GI

- 10% skin

34
Q

Paraquat distribution and accumulation

A
  • distributes all over the body

- concentrated in the lung

35
Q

How is paraquat excreted

A
  • urine with minimal metabolism
36
Q

MOA of paraquat

A
  • reduced by NADPH and makes singlet oxygen (ROS signs)
37
Q

Acute toxicosis with paraquat

A
  • Early = vomiting, anorexia, depression, ataxia, dyspnea, seizures
  • Delayed signs focus more on lung signs
38
Q

How long can it take for signs of paraquat poisoning to manifest

A
  • 3 days
39
Q

Lesions from paraquat

A
  • mainly in the respiratory tract
  • lingual ulcers
  • liver, spleen and kidney can be congested
40
Q

Lab findings with paraquat

A
  • can check plant, stomach content and urine

- urine = negative after 48 hrs

41
Q

treatment for paraquat poisoning

A
  • no specific antidote

- detoxification (activated charcoal preferred)

42
Q

Products used for detox in paraquat poisoning

A
  • emetics
  • activated charcoal
  • bentonite or fullers earth orally several times per day
  • saline cathartics following the adsorbent
43
Q

Supportive treatement for paraquat poisoning

A
  • NO oxygen
  • fluid therapy to help kidney function
  • hemodialysis
44
Q

Biochemical antagonists of paraquat

A
  • Orgotein (superoxide dismutase)
  • acetylcysteine
  • asorbic acid
  • niacin or riboflavin
45
Q

What is the time frame for treatment with paraquat poisoning

A
  • within 24 hours

- prognosis is guarded or grave

TOX (15 decks)

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