Ionophores Flashcards
1
Q
Use of ionophores
A
- anticoccidial in production animals
- growth promoter feed additive for cattle
- reduction of bloat and rumen acidosis
- prevent tryptophan induced atypical bovine pulmonary emphysema
2
Q
Monensin is used to
A
improve efficiency of milk production
3
Q
Solubility of ionophores
A
- slightly soluble in water
- soluble in organic solvents and oils
4
Q
How do ionophores get across membranes
A
they form lipid soluble complexes with cations that are easily transported across
5
Q
Most common source of ionphore toxicosis
A
- Monensin
- usually too much in the feed for the specific species
- sometimes used to poison horses
6
Q
Most to least sensitive species
A
Equines –> cattle –> poultry
7
Q
What will increase toxicosis
A
- concurrent admin of other drugs (mostly antibacterials and antifungals)
8
Q
Toxicokinetics
A
- ruminants= absorb 50%
- monogastrics= absorb MOST of it
- distributed through the body
- not high levels in any specific part of the body
9
Q
Metabolism of ionophores
A
- rapid
- P-450 oxidative demethylation enzymes in the liver
- excreted in bile
- slower in horses
10
Q
MOA of ionophores
A
- fuck with transmembrane electrochemical gradients
- targets mitochondria in energetic tissues
- increases intracellular sodium and calcium
- cell death due to loss of homeostasis
- ROS production
11
Q
What cells are most affected by the ionophores
A
- neurons, myocardium, skeletal muscles, and smooth muscle
- messed up calcium messes everything up
12
Q
Clinical signs in horses
A
- rapid onset
- anorexia, colic
- sweating, depression, incoordination
- hyperventilation
- tachycardia, arrhythmias, death
13
Q
Clinical signs in cattle
A
- anorexia, diarrhea
- depression, ataxia
- labored breathing
- death
14
Q
Clinical signs in poultry
A
- anorexia, diarrhea
- ataxia
- resting on the knees with wings and leg directed outward
- decreased egg production
15
Q
clinical signs in dogs
A
- ataxia, muscle weakness of HIND limbs
- respiratory paralysis
- dyuria
- constipation
- depression
