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TOX > Rodenticides/ Molluscicides > Flashcards

Rodenticides/ Molluscicides Flashcards

1
Q

Zinc Phosphide is available or restricted

A

Most are restricted use pesticides

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2
Q

How much zinc phosphide is in the over the counter formulations

A

2-5%

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3
Q

Phine gas can be used as

A

fumigant for insects and rodents

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4
Q

Which two phosphide combinations have similar toxic effects to zinc phosphide

A

aluminum and magnesium

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5
Q

Exposure to zinc phoshide

A
  • typically accidental ingestion

- caged birds can be poisoned by rodents tracking it in

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6
Q

What are the properties of zinc phosphide

A
  • grey/black powder
  • garlic or dead fish odor
  • stable when dry but will decompose in environment after 2 weeks
  • acid will liberate the phosphine gas
  • not very water soluble
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7
Q

When is zinc phosphide acute and when is it chronic toxicity

A
  • Acute due to gas release

- chronic with both zinc phosphide and phosphine gas

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8
Q

Lethal dose of zinc phosphide

A
  • 20-40 mg/ kg

- 10-20 mg/ kg for caged birds

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9
Q

What body product will enhance zinc phosphine toxicity

A
  • Acid/ gastric juice

- dogs that eat it on an empty stomach are more likely to survive

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10
Q

Toxicokinetics of zinc phosphide

A
  • corrosive
  • irritates GI
  • inhalation of phosphine gas
  • can see serum/ tissue zinc levels elevated
  • not usually bad for skin absorption
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11
Q

How can you lower stomach pH to prevent liberation of phosphine gas

A

vomiting or increasing stomach pH to alkaline

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12
Q

MOA of zinc phosphide

A
  • can inhibit oxidative phosphorylation = cell death
  • ROS
  • greatest effect on tissues with high oxygen demand
  • damage to blood vessels and RBC
  • late onset liver and kidney damage
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13
Q

Clinical signs of zinc phosphide

A
  • anorexia, vomiting
  • abdominal pain
  • bloat in cattle
  • increased RR, wheezing, dyspnea
  • CNS excitation
  • hypermotility, yelping, convulsions
  • death in 3-48 hours
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14
Q

Lab results of zinc phosphide tox

A
  • Need to be place in an airtight container and frozen ASAP
  • metabolic acidosis
  • dehydration
  • hypocalcemia
  • elevated zinc
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15
Q

Human precautions for Zinc Phosphide

A
  • can detect at 2 ppm, but safe exposure is at 1ppm

- flammable

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16
Q

Treatment for zinc phosphide poisoning

A
  • No antidote
  • Warn owners to provide good ventilation to try to auto-decontaminate
  • Can try: emetics, gastric lavage with dilute potassium permanganate, antacids
  • supportive
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17
Q

Zinc phosphide poisoning prognosis

A
  • auto-decontamination helps recovery
  • if no signs by 8-12 hours or 12-24 hrs post vomiting = favorable
  • severe signs = poor
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18
Q

Fluoroacetate chemical compound

A

sodium monofluoroacetate

compound 1080

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19
Q

How is fluoroacetate used

A
  • live stock protection collar for controlling coyotes preying on sheep and goats
  • pesticide in NZ and australia
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20
Q

Properties of fluoroacetate

A
  • odorless
  • water soluble
  • insoluble in organic solvents
  • degraded in soil
  • irritant
21
Q

Most and least toxicity to fluoroacetate (species)

A
  • dogs are very sensitive
  • LD50 of 0.06-0.2 mg/kg
  • rodents are least sensitive
22
Q

fluoroacetate toxicokinetics

A
  • absorbed in the GI tract, lungs, or open wounds
  • NOT though intact skin
  • distribution throughout the body with no specific accumulation
  • metabolite in urine
  • can have relay toxicosis at high doses
23
Q

MOA of fluoroacetate

A
  • condenses with oxaloacetate to fluorocitrate
  • competes with the citrate substrate in the Krebs cycle (citric acid, TCA)
  • decreases cellular respiration and energy
24
Q

What compound builds up due to fluoroacetate poisoning

A
  • citrate
  • its not being used by the TCA
  • binds to calcium = hypocalcemia
25
Clinical signs of fluoroacetate poisoning in dogs
- rapid onset (30 min - 4 hours) - GI signs - running in a straight line, braking, yelping, seizures - hyperthermia, mydriasis, coma - death in 2-12 hours
26
What is tenesmus
the increased desire to evacuate the bowels
27
Clinical signs of fluoroacetate poisoning in horses
- Cardiac signs - heart failure, staggering, arrhythmias - colic and terminal convulsions - death
28
Clinical signs of fluoroacetate poisoning in sheep
- disoriented running - blindness - weakness - ataxia - coma and death - usually have concurrent copper and selenium def.
29
Clinical signs of fluoroacetate poisoning in cats and pigs
- bradycardia and arrhythmias - depression or excitement - vocalization - hyperesthesia - hypothermia
30
Lesions in fluoroacetate poisoning
rapid onset of rigor mortis
31
Lab results from fluoroacetate poisoning
- Chem on GI contents - elevate citrate levels - hyperglycemia - metabolic acidosis - low ionized calcium
32
Treatment for fluoroacetate poisoning
- rapid onset so often don't get to treat - emesis and activated charcoal - Acetate donors: glycerol monoacetate, acetic acid/ ethanol, acetamide/ dextrose
33
Prognosis for fluoroacetate poisoning
guarded to grave
34
Molluscicide
Methaldehyde
35
Use of metaldehyde
- restricted use pesticide | - fuel for camp stoves
36
Typical exposure to metaldehyde
- ingestion of bait | - malicious poisoning
37
Properties of metaldehyde
- irritant - flammable - poorly soluble in water - products can release chemical for 10-14 days in moist conditions
38
Metaldehyde toxicity gradient in species
- dogs, cats, livestock and horses are susceptible - cats more sensitive - dogs more likely to ingest
39
metaldehyde is more toxic when
- inhaled | - ingestion is the more common route though
40
Which species is endangered to to metaldehyde
hedgehogs (feed on snails and slugs)
41
Metaldehyde toxicokinetics
- readily absorbed from GI tract - undergoes acid hydrolysis - can cross the BBB - metabolized by the liver - can undergo recirculation
42
Metaldehyde MOA
- Decreases brain GABA (seizures) - GI irritation - metabolic acidosis - hyperthermia due to CNS excitation
43
Metaldehyde clinical signs
- Acute nurotoxicosis and hyperthermia (shake and bake) - onset in 3 hours - salivation, vomiting, diarrhea - incoordination, muscle tremors, hyperesthesia, seizures - cats= nystagmus and mydriasis - reversible blindness in dogs
44
Animals may recover from Metaldehyde poisoning in
2-3 weeks
45
Lesions with metaldehyde poisoning
- formaldehyde odor of stomach contents - petechiae in GI mucosa - congestion, edema, hemorrhage in lungs, liver and kidney
46
Lab results for metaldehyde poisoning
- detection of metaldehyde in stomach, bait, serum, urine or liver tissue
47
Treatment for metaldehyde
- no specific antidote - emetics, gastric lavage, activated charcoal, enemas - fluid therapy - managing hyperthermia, seizures
48
Prognosis with metaldehyde poisoning
- Survive first 24 hrs = good | - can have post recovery liver failure

TOX (15 decks)

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