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TOX > Rodenticides/ Molluscicides > Flashcards

Rodenticides/ Molluscicides Flashcards

1
Q

Zinc Phosphide is available or restricted

A

Most are restricted use pesticides

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2
Q

How much zinc phosphide is in the over the counter formulations

A

2-5%

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3
Q

Phine gas can be used as

A

fumigant for insects and rodents

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4
Q

Which two phosphide combinations have similar toxic effects to zinc phosphide

A

aluminum and magnesium

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5
Q

Exposure to zinc phoshide

A
  • typically accidental ingestion

- caged birds can be poisoned by rodents tracking it in

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6
Q

What are the properties of zinc phosphide

A
  • grey/black powder
  • garlic or dead fish odor
  • stable when dry but will decompose in environment after 2 weeks
  • acid will liberate the phosphine gas
  • not very water soluble
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7
Q

When is zinc phosphide acute and when is it chronic toxicity

A
  • Acute due to gas release

- chronic with both zinc phosphide and phosphine gas

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8
Q

Lethal dose of zinc phosphide

A
  • 20-40 mg/ kg

- 10-20 mg/ kg for caged birds

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9
Q

What body product will enhance zinc phosphine toxicity

A
  • Acid/ gastric juice

- dogs that eat it on an empty stomach are more likely to survive

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10
Q

Toxicokinetics of zinc phosphide

A
  • corrosive
  • irritates GI
  • inhalation of phosphine gas
  • can see serum/ tissue zinc levels elevated
  • not usually bad for skin absorption
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11
Q

How can you lower stomach pH to prevent liberation of phosphine gas

A

vomiting or increasing stomach pH to alkaline

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12
Q

MOA of zinc phosphide

A
  • can inhibit oxidative phosphorylation = cell death
  • ROS
  • greatest effect on tissues with high oxygen demand
  • damage to blood vessels and RBC
  • late onset liver and kidney damage
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13
Q

Clinical signs of zinc phosphide

A
  • anorexia, vomiting
  • abdominal pain
  • bloat in cattle
  • increased RR, wheezing, dyspnea
  • CNS excitation
  • hypermotility, yelping, convulsions
  • death in 3-48 hours
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14
Q

Lab results of zinc phosphide tox

A
  • Need to be place in an airtight container and frozen ASAP
  • metabolic acidosis
  • dehydration
  • hypocalcemia
  • elevated zinc
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15
Q

Human precautions for Zinc Phosphide

A
  • can detect at 2 ppm, but safe exposure is at 1ppm

- flammable

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16
Q

Treatment for zinc phosphide poisoning

A
  • No antidote
  • Warn owners to provide good ventilation to try to auto-decontaminate
  • Can try: emetics, gastric lavage with dilute potassium permanganate, antacids
  • supportive
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17
Q

Zinc phosphide poisoning prognosis

A
  • auto-decontamination helps recovery
  • if no signs by 8-12 hours or 12-24 hrs post vomiting = favorable
  • severe signs = poor
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18
Q

Fluoroacetate chemical compound

A

sodium monofluoroacetate

compound 1080

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19
Q

How is fluoroacetate used

A
  • live stock protection collar for controlling coyotes preying on sheep and goats
  • pesticide in NZ and australia
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20
Q

Properties of fluoroacetate

A
  • odorless
  • water soluble
  • insoluble in organic solvents
  • degraded in soil
  • irritant
21
Q

Most and least toxicity to fluoroacetate (species)

A
  • dogs are very sensitive
  • LD50 of 0.06-0.2 mg/kg
  • rodents are least sensitive
22
Q

fluoroacetate toxicokinetics

A
  • absorbed in the GI tract, lungs, or open wounds
  • NOT though intact skin
  • distribution throughout the body with no specific accumulation
  • metabolite in urine
  • can have relay toxicosis at high doses
23
Q

MOA of fluoroacetate

A
  • condenses with oxaloacetate to fluorocitrate
  • competes with the citrate substrate in the Krebs cycle (citric acid, TCA)
  • decreases cellular respiration and energy
24
Q

What compound builds up due to fluoroacetate poisoning

A
  • citrate
  • its not being used by the TCA
  • binds to calcium = hypocalcemia
25
Q

Clinical signs of fluoroacetate poisoning in dogs

A
  • rapid onset (30 min - 4 hours)
  • GI signs
  • running in a straight line, braking, yelping, seizures
  • hyperthermia, mydriasis, coma
  • death in 2-12 hours
26
Q

What is tenesmus

A

the increased desire to evacuate the bowels

27
Q

Clinical signs of fluoroacetate poisoning in horses

A
  • Cardiac signs
  • heart failure, staggering, arrhythmias
  • colic and terminal convulsions
  • death
28
Q

Clinical signs of fluoroacetate poisoning in sheep

A
  • disoriented running
  • blindness
  • weakness
  • ataxia
  • coma and death
  • usually have concurrent copper and selenium def.
29
Q

Clinical signs of fluoroacetate poisoning in cats and pigs

A
  • bradycardia and arrhythmias
  • depression or excitement
  • vocalization
  • hyperesthesia
  • hypothermia
30
Q

Lesions in fluoroacetate poisoning

A

rapid onset of rigor mortis

31
Q

Lab results from fluoroacetate poisoning

A
  • Chem on GI contents
  • elevate citrate levels
  • hyperglycemia
  • metabolic acidosis
  • low ionized calcium
32
Q

Treatment for fluoroacetate poisoning

A
  • rapid onset so often don’t get to treat
  • emesis and activated charcoal
  • Acetate donors: glycerol monoacetate, acetic acid/ ethanol, acetamide/ dextrose
33
Q

Prognosis for fluoroacetate poisoning

A

guarded to grave

34
Q

Molluscicide

A

Methaldehyde

35
Q

Use of metaldehyde

A
  • restricted use pesticide

- fuel for camp stoves

36
Q

Typical exposure to metaldehyde

A
  • ingestion of bait

- malicious poisoning

37
Q

Properties of metaldehyde

A
  • irritant
  • flammable
  • poorly soluble in water
  • products can release chemical for 10-14 days in moist conditions
38
Q

Metaldehyde toxicity gradient in species

A
  • dogs, cats, livestock and horses are susceptible
  • cats more sensitive
  • dogs more likely to ingest
39
Q

metaldehyde is more toxic when

A
  • inhaled

- ingestion is the more common route though

40
Q

Which species is endangered to to metaldehyde

A

hedgehogs (feed on snails and slugs)

41
Q

Metaldehyde toxicokinetics

A
  • readily absorbed from GI tract
  • undergoes acid hydrolysis
  • can cross the BBB
  • metabolized by the liver
  • can undergo recirculation
42
Q

Metaldehyde MOA

A
  • Decreases brain GABA (seizures)
  • GI irritation
  • metabolic acidosis
  • hyperthermia due to CNS excitation
43
Q

Metaldehyde clinical signs

A
  • Acute nurotoxicosis and hyperthermia (shake and bake)
  • onset in 3 hours
  • salivation, vomiting, diarrhea
  • incoordination, muscle tremors, hyperesthesia, seizures
  • cats= nystagmus and mydriasis
  • reversible blindness in dogs
44
Q

Animals may recover from Metaldehyde poisoning in

A

2-3 weeks

45
Q

Lesions with metaldehyde poisoning

A
  • formaldehyde odor of stomach contents
  • petechiae in GI mucosa
  • congestion, edema, hemorrhage in lungs, liver and kidney
46
Q

Lab results for metaldehyde poisoning

A
  • detection of metaldehyde in stomach, bait, serum, urine or liver tissue
47
Q

Treatment for metaldehyde

A
  • no specific antidote
  • emetics, gastric lavage, activated charcoal, enemas
  • fluid therapy
  • managing hyperthermia, seizures
48
Q

Prognosis with metaldehyde poisoning

A
  • Survive first 24 hrs = good

- can have post recovery liver failure

TOX (15 decks)

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