Topography of Carnivore's Abdomen Flashcards
what are the 3 abdominal regions?
- cranial: borders of costal arch and just cranial to umbilicus
- middle
- caudal: cranial to wing of each ilium
what are the subregions of cranial region?
- xiphoid
- right and left hypochondriac
what are the subregions of middle region?
umbilical
right and left lateral (flank) - paralumbar fossa (dorsal part)
what are the caudal subregions?
- pubic
- right and left inguinal
what is the paralumbar fossa?
- upper part of lateral abdominal region
- triangular depression: cranial to hip and ilium, caudal to last rib, ventral to vertebrae
what is clinically important about paralumbar fossa?
- window to listen to rumen in large animals
what are the boundaries of abdominal cavity?
- cranial: diaphragm
- caudal: pelvic inlet
- dorsal: lumbar and sacral vert., diaphragmatic crura, hypaxial mm.
- lateral and ventral: abdominal mm., 3 pairs lateral (obliques), 1 ventral (rectus abdominus)
what are the layers of abdominal wall?
- superficial fascia (encloses cut. trunci m.) - only in carnivores not attched movable sheet CT
- deep fascia: thoracolumbar fascia and tunica flava abdominis (lg. animals)
- muscles
- internal fascia
- parietal peritoneum
fiber direction of ex. ob. m.
- caudal ventral
fiber direction of int ab. oblique?
- cranial ventral
fibers of transversus abdominus?
dorsal ventral
what is insertion of abdominal wall muscles?
- linea alba and prepubic tendon
what is action of abdominal muscles?
- abdominal press
- bilateral: flex trunk ventrally
- unilateral: rotate trunk laterally
what is nerve supply of abdominal wall mm?
- lateral branches last several intercostal nn,, first 3 lumbar n.
what is internal fascia?
- attach parietal layer of pleura/peritoneum to body wall
- endothoracic fascia: lining thoracic cavity
- endo-abdominal fascia: lining abdominal cavity and extends into pelvic cavity
- psoas fascia: over psoas mm.
what is linea alba?
- an elongate ventral midline tendinous structure
- xiphoid cartilage to pubis
- contains umbilicus
- difficult to heal
pros and cons to incision at linea alba?
- pros: no mm to be cut, no blood vessels (no bleeding), less innervation (less pain), fibrous so has strength to hold sutures
- cons: heals slowly
what is umbilical hernia?
- escape of abdominal contents through umbilical ring (if not closed)
- vortex hair around umbilicus
where is liver?
- against diaphragm
- in right/left hypochondriac and xiphoid regions
- needle biopsy: rt. side 7th ICS, lt side. caudodorsal to xiphoid
what is the word for simple stomach?
- monolocular
what is the word for complex stomach?
- multilocular aka > 1 chamber
what type of stomach do man, dog, and cat have?
- simple glandular
what does composite mean?
- has glandular and non glandular regions in stomach
what type of stomach do horse and pigs have?
horse and pig
what type of stomach do ruminants have?
- complex, composite
are there any fixed parts of canine stomach?
- cardiac and pyloric extremities are relatively fixed, the rest is freely movable
how does canine stomach show on xray?
- u-shaped, pyloric rt, of midline
how does feline stomach show on xray?
- j shaped, pyloric on or near midline
where does empty stomach sit?
- cannot be palpated
- no contact with abd. floor
- in intrathoracic part of abdominal cavity
- spleen caudal border follows left costal arch
where does moderately full stomach sit?
- under last 4 ribs
- contacts abd floor
- part of spleen protrudes over costal arch
where is full stomach located?
- distended stomach form a uniform round sac
- reaching L2, L3, L4 and pelvic brim
- reach from right to left walls
- extensive contact with floor and easily palpated
- displaces spleen and left kidney caudally
where do you measure a stomach tube?
- from nose to last rib
what is the intestinal order?
- small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
- large intestine: cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal
where is cranial duodenum?
- fixed to liver, can move up and down with pyloric end
- may be cr. or ca. to pancreas
where is cranial duodenum flexure?
- @ Rt. 9th ICS
where is descending duodenom?
- right side
- bile and pancreatic ducts (r. lobe attached in mesoduodenum)
where is caudal duodenum flexure?
- right side caudal to right kidney
- near tuber coxae
what is important about descending duodenum for clinical practice?
- retractor to retract viscera and explore R. lumbar area during celiotomy
where is ascending duodenum?
- extends cranially in median plane, almost reaches greater curve of stomach
- attaches to jejunum
what is duodenojejunal flexure?
- dramatic change from duodenum to jejunum
- short –> long mesentery
- straight vessels –> arcades (unique to jejunum)
what is attached to ascending duodenum?
- mesoduodenum attached to desc. mesocolon and called duodenocolic fold
what is clinical important of duodenocolic fold?
- not adhesion
- landmark used during “running of bowel” during celiotomy
what are the attributes of jejunum?
- lesser (mesenteric) and greater (antimesenteric) curvatures
- mesojejunum attached to short root of mesentery
- arcades for blood vessels
where is ileum?
- ends dorsally on right side of body (right to asc. duod.)
- opens into ascending colon (ileo-colic junction), bypass cecum
how is ileum identified?
- short mesentery and ileocecal fold
- straight vessels and antimesenteric blood supply
where is pancreas?
- left lobe of pancreas relates with stomach (greater omentum)
- right lobe of pancreas relates with mesoduodenum
where is cecum?
- right side of cranial abdomen
- close to dorsal body wall
- dorsal to jejunum
- cat is a little bud on ascending colon
where is the colon?
positioned along dorsal body wall
what are the parts of the colon?
- ascending
- transverse
- descending
- mesocolon
what is ascending colon?
- first part
- short
- in rt dorsal portion of abdominal cavity
- right colic flexure
what is transverse colon?
- 2nd part
- cr to root of mesentery, cr. to cr. mesenteric a
- left colic flexure
what is descending colon?
- left to midline and cr. mesenteric a.
- at pelvic inlet and it continues to rectum
what is mesocolon?
- continuous short mesentery, less movable
what are the anatomical retractors?
- descending duodenum (r side)
- descending colon (l side)
where are adrenal glands?
sit near caudal vena cava and aorta on top of kidney
describe adrenal glands?
- cortex and medulla
- abundant nerve supply to medulla (inside)
- cortex (outside) lacks nerve supply
- medulla cells = sympathetic postganglionics
- medulla not essential for life, cortex is essential for life
where are kidneys?
- in sublumbar region
- retroperitoneal
can both kidneys be palpated in dog?
- can palpate left, rt. is often hard because more cranial (12th to 13th rib)
- can palpate both in cats
