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Normal Animal > Topography of Carnivore's Abdomen > Flashcards

Topography of Carnivore's Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 abdominal regions?

A
  • cranial: borders of costal arch and just cranial to umbilicus
  • middle
  • caudal: cranial to wing of each ilium
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2
Q

what are the subregions of cranial region?

A
  • xiphoid
  • right and left hypochondriac
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3
Q

what are the subregions of middle region?

A

umbilical
right and left lateral (flank) - paralumbar fossa (dorsal part)

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4
Q

what are the caudal subregions?

A
  • pubic
  • right and left inguinal
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5
Q

what is the paralumbar fossa?

A
  • upper part of lateral abdominal region
  • triangular depression: cranial to hip and ilium, caudal to last rib, ventral to vertebrae
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6
Q

what is clinically important about paralumbar fossa?

A
  • window to listen to rumen in large animals
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7
Q

what are the boundaries of abdominal cavity?

A
  • cranial: diaphragm
  • caudal: pelvic inlet
  • dorsal: lumbar and sacral vert., diaphragmatic crura, hypaxial mm.
  • lateral and ventral: abdominal mm., 3 pairs lateral (obliques), 1 ventral (rectus abdominus)
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8
Q

what are the layers of abdominal wall?

A
  • superficial fascia (encloses cut. trunci m.) - only in carnivores not attched movable sheet CT
  • deep fascia: thoracolumbar fascia and tunica flava abdominis (lg. animals)
  • muscles
  • internal fascia
  • parietal peritoneum
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9
Q

fiber direction of ex. ob. m.

A
  • caudal ventral
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10
Q

fiber direction of int ab. oblique?

A
  • cranial ventral
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11
Q

fibers of transversus abdominus?

A

dorsal ventral

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12
Q

what is insertion of abdominal wall muscles?

A
  • linea alba and prepubic tendon
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13
Q

what is action of abdominal muscles?

A
  • abdominal press
  • bilateral: flex trunk ventrally
  • unilateral: rotate trunk laterally
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14
Q

what is nerve supply of abdominal wall mm?

A
  • lateral branches last several intercostal nn,, first 3 lumbar n.
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15
Q

what is internal fascia?

A
  • attach parietal layer of pleura/peritoneum to body wall
  • endothoracic fascia: lining thoracic cavity
  • endo-abdominal fascia: lining abdominal cavity and extends into pelvic cavity
  • psoas fascia: over psoas mm.
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16
Q

what is linea alba?

A
  • an elongate ventral midline tendinous structure
  • xiphoid cartilage to pubis
  • contains umbilicus
  • difficult to heal
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17
Q

pros and cons to incision at linea alba?

A
  • pros: no mm to be cut, no blood vessels (no bleeding), less innervation (less pain), fibrous so has strength to hold sutures
  • cons: heals slowly
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18
Q

what is umbilical hernia?

A
  • escape of abdominal contents through umbilical ring (if not closed)
  • vortex hair around umbilicus
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19
Q

where is liver?

A
  • against diaphragm
  • in right/left hypochondriac and xiphoid regions
  • needle biopsy: rt. side 7th ICS, lt side. caudodorsal to xiphoid
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20
Q

what is the word for simple stomach?

A
  • monolocular
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21
Q

what is the word for complex stomach?

A
  • multilocular aka > 1 chamber
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22
Q

what type of stomach do man, dog, and cat have?

A
  • simple glandular
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23
Q

what does composite mean?

A
  • has glandular and non glandular regions in stomach
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24
Q

what type of stomach do horse and pigs have?

A

horse and pig

25
Q

what type of stomach do ruminants have?

A
  • complex, composite
26
Q

are there any fixed parts of canine stomach?

A
  • cardiac and pyloric extremities are relatively fixed, the rest is freely movable
27
Q

how does canine stomach show on xray?

A
  • u-shaped, pyloric rt, of midline
28
Q

how does feline stomach show on xray?

A
  • j shaped, pyloric on or near midline
29
Q

where does empty stomach sit?

A
  • cannot be palpated
  • no contact with abd. floor
  • in intrathoracic part of abdominal cavity
  • spleen caudal border follows left costal arch
30
Q

where does moderately full stomach sit?

A
  • under last 4 ribs
  • contacts abd floor
  • part of spleen protrudes over costal arch
31
Q

where is full stomach located?

A
  • distended stomach form a uniform round sac
  • reaching L2, L3, L4 and pelvic brim
  • reach from right to left walls
  • extensive contact with floor and easily palpated
  • displaces spleen and left kidney caudally
32
Q

where do you measure a stomach tube?

A
  • from nose to last rib
33
Q

what is the intestinal order?

A
  • small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
  • large intestine: cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal
34
Q

where is cranial duodenum?

A
  • fixed to liver, can move up and down with pyloric end
  • may be cr. or ca. to pancreas
35
Q

where is cranial duodenum flexure?

A
  • @ Rt. 9th ICS
36
Q

where is descending duodenom?

A
  • right side
  • bile and pancreatic ducts (r. lobe attached in mesoduodenum)
37
Q

where is caudal duodenum flexure?

A
  • right side caudal to right kidney
  • near tuber coxae
38
Q

what is important about descending duodenum for clinical practice?

A
  • retractor to retract viscera and explore R. lumbar area during celiotomy
39
Q

where is ascending duodenum?

A
  • extends cranially in median plane, almost reaches greater curve of stomach
  • attaches to jejunum
40
Q

what is duodenojejunal flexure?

A
  • dramatic change from duodenum to jejunum
  • short –> long mesentery
  • straight vessels –> arcades (unique to jejunum)
41
Q

what is attached to ascending duodenum?

A
  • mesoduodenum attached to desc. mesocolon and called duodenocolic fold
42
Q

what is clinical important of duodenocolic fold?

A
  • not adhesion
  • landmark used during “running of bowel” during celiotomy
43
Q

what are the attributes of jejunum?

A
  • lesser (mesenteric) and greater (antimesenteric) curvatures
  • mesojejunum attached to short root of mesentery
  • arcades for blood vessels
44
Q

where is ileum?

A
  • ends dorsally on right side of body (right to asc. duod.)
  • opens into ascending colon (ileo-colic junction), bypass cecum
45
Q

how is ileum identified?

A
  • short mesentery and ileocecal fold
  • straight vessels and antimesenteric blood supply
46
Q

where is pancreas?

A
  • left lobe of pancreas relates with stomach (greater omentum)
  • right lobe of pancreas relates with mesoduodenum
47
Q

where is cecum?

A
  • right side of cranial abdomen
  • close to dorsal body wall
  • dorsal to jejunum
  • cat is a little bud on ascending colon
48
Q

where is the colon?

A

positioned along dorsal body wall

49
Q

what are the parts of the colon?

A
  • ascending
  • transverse
  • descending
  • mesocolon
50
Q

what is ascending colon?

A
  • first part
  • short
  • in rt dorsal portion of abdominal cavity
  • right colic flexure
51
Q

what is transverse colon?

A
  • 2nd part
  • cr to root of mesentery, cr. to cr. mesenteric a
  • left colic flexure
52
Q

what is descending colon?

A
  • left to midline and cr. mesenteric a.
  • at pelvic inlet and it continues to rectum
53
Q

what is mesocolon?

A
  • continuous short mesentery, less movable
54
Q

what are the anatomical retractors?

A
  • descending duodenum (r side)
  • descending colon (l side)
55
Q

where are adrenal glands?

A

sit near caudal vena cava and aorta on top of kidney

56
Q

describe adrenal glands?

A
  • cortex and medulla
  • abundant nerve supply to medulla (inside)
  • cortex (outside) lacks nerve supply
  • medulla cells = sympathetic postganglionics
  • medulla not essential for life, cortex is essential for life
57
Q

where are kidneys?

A
  • in sublumbar region
  • retroperitoneal
58
Q

can both kidneys be palpated in dog?

A
  • can palpate left, rt. is often hard because more cranial (12th to 13th rib)
  • can palpate both in cats

Normal Animal (22 decks)

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