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Normal Animal > Thoracic Cavity Contents > Flashcards

Thoracic Cavity Contents Flashcards

1
Q

What are the contents of the thoracic cavity?

A

two pleural sacs (right contains right lung and left contains left lung)
mediastinum - midline

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2
Q

Describe esophagus location in mediastinum

A
  • has cervical, thoracic, short abdominal parts
  • thoracic part: runs in dorsal mediastinum from thoracic inlet to esophageal hiatus
  • cranial mediastinum: dorsolateral trachea on left side
  • caudal mediastinum: ventral to ascending aorta and dorsal to caudal vena cava
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3
Q

What is structure 1 and 2?

A

esophagus

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4
Q

compare the muscle of esophagus in different species

A
  • tunic muscularis skeletal m. throughout in ruminants and dog, but horse, pig, and cat it change to smooth m. caudal to heart
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5
Q

describe thoracic trachea

A
  • starts as most dorsal visceral structure entering cavity (directly ventral to longus colli)
  • in mediastinum inclines ventrally and attains position ventral to esophagus at aortic arch
  • terminates near heart base and divides into two principal bronchi
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6
Q

What is tracheal bifurcation?

A
  • trachea terminates near heart base, it divides into two principal bronchi (primary), occurs at T5
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7
Q

What is the order of respiratory passageways from largest to smallest?

A
  • trachea –> principal bronchi (right and left) –> lobar bronchi (1/lobe) –> segmental bronchi (each serves one whole bronchopulmonary segment) –> subsegmental bronchi –> true and terminal bronchioles (lack cartilage) –> alveolar ductules –> alveoli
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8
Q

describe bronchopulmonary segments

A
  • each lobar bronchus divides into many segmental bronchi
  • each segmental bronchus and tissue it supplies with air a bronchopulmonary segment (self-contained unit)
  • cone shaped with base toward pleura
  • can remove a unit
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9
Q

What is the tracheal bronchus?

A
  • in ruminants and pig
  • starts cranial to bifurcation
  • serves right cranial lobe
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10
Q

what is lung orientation?

A
  • horizontal in thorax
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11
Q

what are the basic features of lungs?

A
  • apex (directed cranial toward thoracic inlet)
  • base (diaphragmatic surface)
  • lobes (based on division of lobar bronchi within lung parenchyma
  • interlobar fissures (separate between lobes)
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12
Q

name the lobes of the right lung

A
  • right cranial lobe
  • middle lobe
  • right caudal lobe
  • accessory lobe (medial to caudal lobe and surrounds caudal vena cava and phrenic n. see #3)
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13
Q

name the lobes of the left lung

A
  • left cranial lobe (cranial part and caudal part)
  • left caudal lobe
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14
Q

what is the hilus?

A
  • area on medial surface where structures enter or exit lung
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15
Q

what structures enter/exit through hilus?

A
  • enter: primary bronchus, bronchial artery, pulmonary artery, autonomic nerves
  • exit: pulmonary veins, bronchial veins (satellites of bronchoesophageal artery), sensory nerves, lymphatics
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16
Q

what is the root of the lung?

A
  • all the collected structures enter/exit hilus wrapped in pleura (double fold)
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17
Q

what lobe is most prone to lung lobe torsion and why?

A
  • right middle lobe due to its freedom of movement and deep fissures that separate it from other lobes
  • occurs in deep chested dogs
  • lobectomy (dogs and cats) can survive up to 50% lung loss
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18
Q

what is lung lobe torsion?

A
  • rotation of lobe along its axis - twists bronchus and pulmonary vessels leading to necrosis
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19
Q

discuss differences in ox lung lobes

A
  • 2 left lung lobes are the same
  • right cranial lobe is supplied by tracheal bronchus which comes off cranial to bifurcation
  • right cranial lobe divided into cranial and caudal parts
  • same with pigs and camels
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20
Q

discuss horse lung lobes

A
  • 2 left lung lobes but cranial lobe is not divided into parts
  • 3 right lung lobes - no middle lobe
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21
Q

what is the cardiac notch?

A
  • region where the heart is not overlaid by lung tissue
  • triangular space between cranial and middle lobes of rt. lung where borders diverge from each other leaving portion of pericardial wall uncovered by lung tissue
  • apex of notch at distal quarter of 4th rib between sternum and CCJ
  • a window for needle puncture of pericardium, heart and auscultation or ultrasound exams
  • also cardiac notch on left side
  • present in all species
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22
Q

Where does heavier particles such as fluid travel in lung?

A
  • tends to land right cranial and middle lobes due to them being more ventral and gravity
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23
Q

where do lighter air-borne particles tend to travel in lung lobes?

A
  • inhaled into accessory lobe due to straight trajectory
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24
Q

where is the auscultation triangle?

A
  • cranial: caudal border of triceps brachii
  • dorsal: epaxial muscles
  • caudoventral: curved line from olecranon to intercostal space between ribs #16 and #17
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25
Q

what are the rules for pleurocentesis or thoracocentesis?

A
  • puncture in middle of ICS
  • dorsal to CCJ
  • ox and horse at 7th ICS above the CCJ
  • horse avoid superficial thoracic spur vein
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26
Q

which side of azygous vein is present in carnivores and horse?

A
  • right v. azygos
27
Q

which side of the azygous vein is present in ruminants and discuss its location

A
  • they have both
  • runs left dorsal surface of aorta and must make a u-turn to get to R ventricle
  • drains into coronary sinus
28
Q

discuss R. azygous vein

A
  • unpaired (carnivores and horse)
  • runs along right dorsal surface of aorta
  • drains into cranial vena cava
  • both veins develop in embryo but left atrophies
29
Q

how many lymphocenters are present in thorax and name them?

A
  • 4
  • dorsal thoracic
  • ventral thoracic
  • mediastinal
  • bronchial
30
Q

what lymph nodes are present in dorsal thoracic lymph center?

A
  • intercostal lnn
31
Q

what lymph nodes are in ventral thoracic LC?

A
  • sternal lnn
32
Q

what lymph nodes are present in mediastinal LC?

A
  • represented by cranial mediastinal lnn in all species
  • caudal mediastinal lnn (absent in carnivores, huge in ruminants)
33
Q

what lymph nodes are in bronchial LC?

A
  • rt. lt. and middle tracheobronchial lnn
34
Q

what special lymph node do ruminants have and what is clinical significance?

A
  • caudal mediastinal lymph node
  • a single large elongated lnn between aorta and esophagus
  • if enlarged it will press on esophagus and dorsal vagal trunk which causes vagal indigestion and no eructation (gas cannot exit)
  • # 20 is vagus nerve
35
Q

what are different in city dogs and how?

A
  • tracheobronchial lnn. and pulmonary are darker
36
Q

what is significant about sternal lymph node?

A
  • lymph from peritoneal cavity drains into sternal ln. via afferent lymphatic duct which perforates diaphragm near costodiaphragmatic recess and runs along internal thoracic vessels covered by transversus thoracic m.
  • may drain cranial mammary glands, so may take up tumor cells
37
Q

what is unique about T6 as a landmark?

A
  • longus colli m. arises from T6
  • thoracic duct deviates from right to left at T6
  • on lat rad carina shows up as circular dark spot at T6
  • tracheobronchial lymph nodes located in relation to carina, can be ID if abnormal rad
38
Q

describe thoracic duct and clinical significance

A
  • transports fat absorbed from digestive tract to venous circulation, material within called chyle
  • can be visible on left lat side of esophagus cranial to aortic arch - avoid in sx
39
Q

What is at 1

A
  • thoracic duct
  • arises cisterna chyli between 2 crura and runs cranially along rt dorsal surface of aorta, at T6 crosses cranioventrally to left in groove between esophagus and left longus colli
  • then opens in area where left sub and external jug veins join
40
Q

what is chylothorax?

A
  • when lymph accumulates in thorax cavity
  • if lymph vessels cut they remain open due to lack of clotting factors in lymph
  • will not resolved unless sx intervention taken to ligate duct
41
Q

where is the heart in a dog?

A
  • middle mediastinum and partially left to median
  • ribs 3 to 6
  • 45 degree axis
42
Q

where is heart in the cat?

A
  • middle mediastinum
  • partially left to median
  • ribs 4-7 (more caudal then dogs)
  • 25-30 degree axis
43
Q

where is heart in horse?

A
  • ICS 2-6
  • more perpendicular than carnivores
44
Q

where is the heart in ox?

A
  • ICS 2-5
45
Q

what is the pericardium?

A
  • triple fibroserous sac enclosing the heart and the beginnings of large blood vessels connected to it
  • serous pericardium and fibrous pericardium
46
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium?

A
  • condensation of endothoracic fascia and it is tightly adhered to parietal serous pericardium
  • mediastinal pleura is superficial to it
47
Q

what is cardiac tamponade?

A
  • pericardial sac fills with fluid
  • fibrous nature of parietal pericardium prevents expansion and heart is compressed (especially thin R ventricle)
48
Q

what is pericardiocentesis?

A
  • insert needle or catheter from right side @ 4th or 5th ICS between sternum and CCJ
  • dx or relieve inc pressure in cavity
49
Q

what are the main structures of the heart

A
  • base (2 atria)
  • apex (left ventricle)
  • 4 chambers: right and left atria, right and left ventricles
50
Q

what part of heart is cranial?

A

right

51
Q

what part of heart is caudal?

A

left

52
Q

what are the grooves of the heart?

A
  • coronary groove
  • two interventricular grooves
  • intermediate groove (ruminants)
53
Q

what is the coronary groove?

A
  • separation of atria and ventricle
54
Q

what are the interventricular grooves?

A
  • two of them indicate interventricular septum inside
  • paraconal on left
  • subsinuosal on right
55
Q

what is the left side of heart called?

A
  • auricular surface
  • see auricles with pulmonary trunk in between
56
Q

what is the right side of heart called?

A
  • atrial surface
  • see cranial and caudal venae cavae entering right atrium
57
Q

what are the septa in heart?

A
  • divide left and right sides
  • interatrial septum
  • interventricular septum
58
Q

what are the valves of the heart?

A
  • semilunar valves
  • atrioventricular valves (AV)
59
Q

what are the semilunar valves?

A
  • between ventricles and great arteries
  • aortic and pulmonary
60
Q

what are the AV valves?

A
  • between atria and ventricles
  • tricuspid (right blue side) and mitral (left aka oxygenated side)
61
Q

what is/are branch of aortic arch in horse?

A

brachiocephalic trunk

62
Q

what is/are branches of the aortic arch in carnivores?

A
  • brachiocephalic trunk
  • left subclavian artery
63
Q

what is the best places to auscultate heart in dog?

A
  • PAM aka 345 on left side
  • pulmonic valve in 3rd ICS at CCJ
  • aortic valve in 4th ICS at point of shoulder
  • mitral valve in 5th ICS low along sternal border
  • tricuspid on right side in 4th ICS at CCJ

Normal Animal (22 decks)

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