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Normal Animal > Thoracic Wall and Pleura > Flashcards

Thoracic Wall and Pleura Flashcards

1
Q

what are the boundaries of the thoracic cage?

A
  • thoracic vertebrae
  • ribs and intercostal m.
  • sternum
  • thoracic outlet
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2
Q

what is the thoracic inlet?

A
  • T1 vertebra and longus colli m.
  • first pair ribs
  • manubrium
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3
Q

what structures pass through the thoracic inlet?

A
  • esophagus
  • trachea
  • external jugular vv.
  • common carotid aa.
  • vagosympathetic trunks
  • recurrent laryngeal nn.
  • roots of phrenic nn.
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4
Q

what are the thoracic outlet boundaries?

A
  • last thoracic vertebrae
  • last pair of ribs and costal arch
  • xiphoid
    closed by the diaphragm
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5
Q

which intercostal muscles help with inspiration?

A
  • external intercostal muscles
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6
Q

which intercostal muscles help with expiration?

A
  • internal intercostal mm.
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7
Q

which direction do external intercostal mm. run?

A
  • caudalventral
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8
Q

which direction do internal intercostal mm. run?

A

cranialventral

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9
Q

where are the external intercostal mm located, insertion/origin, action?

A
  • ICS up to CCJ
  • insert on cranial rib, origin on caudal rib
  • inspiratory
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10
Q

where are the internal intercostal mm., origin/insertion, action?

A
  • ICS up to sternum
  • origin on cranial rib, insertion on caudal rib
  • expiratory
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11
Q

what are all of the inspiratory muscles?

A
  • external intercostal mm
  • scalenus m.
  • diaphragm
  • rectus thoracis
  • serratus dorsalis cranialis m.
  • all fibers go caudoventral to drag ribs cranial, besides diaphragm which retracts caudally
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12
Q

what are the expiratory muscles?

A
  • internal intercostal mm.
  • serratus dorsalis caudalis m. (not clinically important)
  • transversus thoracis
  • abdominal muscles also aid in expiration
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13
Q

What is 2?

A
  • serratus doralis cranialis
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14
Q

what is 3?

A

scalenus

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15
Q

what is 4?

A

rectus thoracis

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16
Q

what is 1?

A

external intercostal mm.

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17
Q

what is 1?

A

internal intercostal mm.

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18
Q

what is 3?

A
  • transversus thoracis m
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19
Q

what are the attachments of the inspiratory mm?

A
  • muscle fiber direction: caudoventral
  • insertion on ribs is caudoventral to origin
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20
Q

what is the action of inspiratory mm?

A
  • pull ribs cranialdorsal
  • widen thoracic cavity
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21
Q

what is the innervation of the inspiratory and expiratory mm?

A

ventral branches of thoracic spinal (intercostal) nn.

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22
Q

what are the attachments for expiratory mm?

A
  • fibers run cranioventral from cranial border of ribs to insert on caudal border of rib in front
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23
Q

what is action of expiratory muscles?

A

act to decrease volume within thoracic cavity by drawing ribs caudally

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24
Q

what is the clinical significance of intercostal V.A.N.?

A
  • they run in the ICS caudal to each rib, so only insert any needle in middle of ICS because ventrally at cartilage also have a cranial portion of artery
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25
Q

what vein do dorsal intercostal veins drain into?

A

azygous v.

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26
Q

what vein do ventral intercostal veins drain into?

A
  • internal thoracic v.
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27
Q

how do you properly do an intercostal nerve block?

A
  • block a min of two to three adjacent nerves due to overlapping nerve supply (cranial and caudal to incision site)
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28
Q

what is the endothoracic fascia?

A
  • connective tissue lining thoracic wall outside parietal pleura
  • forms C.T. of mediastinum and surrounds nerves, vessels, and other structures within mediastinum
  • in middle mediastinum becomes more dense to form fibrous pericardium around heart
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29
Q

what is the clinical important of endothoracic fascia?

A
  • continuous with deep fascia of neck so an infection in neck could spread to thoracic cavity
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30
Q

what innervates the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve (C7, C6, and C5)

31
Q

what body parts are adjacent to diaphragm cranially?

A
  • lungs, thoracic wall, and heart
32
Q

what body parts adjacent to diaphragm caudally?

A
  • liver and stomach
33
Q

what is the most cranial part of diaphragm?

A

cupula

34
Q

what are the parts of the diaphragm?

A
  • tendinous center (V-shaped)
  • muscle (periphery) - lumbar (R&L cura), costal, sternal
35
Q

what are the openings in the diaphragm called?

A
  • aortic hiatus
  • esophageal hiatus
  • caval foramen
36
Q

what goes through the aortic hiatus?

A
  • aorta, azygous v., thoracic duct
37
Q

what goes through the esophageal hiatus?

A
  • esophagus, ventral and dorsal vagal trunks
38
Q

what runs through the caval foramen?

A
  • caudal vena cava
39
Q

what part is the top green blank?

A

lumbar part (R and L crura aka crus single)

40
Q

what is the top pink blank on right side of picture (not anatomically)?

A
  • aortic hiatus
41
Q

what is the bottom pink blank on right side (not anatomically)?

A

esophageal hiatus

42
Q

what is the left pink blank (not anatomically)?

A

caval foramen (in tendinous center)

43
Q

what part is the top green blank on left pointing?

A

central tendon

44
Q

what part is the bottom green blank?

A
  • sternal part
45
Q

what is the green blank in the middle on left side (not body)?

A

costal part

46
Q

what occurs in traumatic diaphragmatic rupture?

A
  • usually occurs in dog and cats after car accident, usually involves costal part and has a high mortality
47
Q

what is a hiatal hernia?

A
  • stomach prolapses into thoracic cavity (congenital or acquired)w
48
Q

where is the pleura?

A

thorax

49
Q

where is the pericardium?

A

surrounding heart

50
Q

where is the peritoneum?

A

abdominal and pelvic cavities

51
Q

where is the vaginal tunic?

A

surrounds testicles and scrotum

52
Q

where is the visceral pleura?

A

covers lungs

53
Q

where is the parietal pleura?

A
  • costal pleura: lines ribs and intercostal muscles
  • diaphragmatic pleura: covers diaphragm
54
Q

where is mediastinal pleura?

A

covers mediastinum aka space between lungs

55
Q

where is pericardial pleura?

A

part mediastinal pleura on either side of pericardium

56
Q

what is special about the mediastinal pleura?

A
  • caudal mediastinal pleurae of left and right ventral to esophagus are fused (can communicate)
  • pneumothorax of one lung may lead to collapse of other
  • fragile in horse, dog, cat, and sheep
  • substantial in ox
57
Q

what is special about pleural cupulae?

A
  • cup-shaped bubbles of pleura at cranial extent of each lung, protrude a short distance through thoracic inlet
  • forms due to parietal pleurae extending further than visceral pleura
  • can be injured in penetrating wounds resulting in pneumothorax and lung collapse
57
Q

what is special about pleural cupulae?

A
  • cup-shaped bubbles of pleura at cranial extent of each lung, protrude a short distance through thoracic inlet
  • forms due to parietal pleurae extending further than visceral pleura
  • can be injured in penetrating wounds resulting in pneumothorax and lung collapse
58
Q

where is the pulmonary ligament?

A
  • between caudal lung lobe and caudal end of hilus
59
Q

how does pulmonary ligament form?

A
  • double fold of pleurae where mediastinal pleura reflects to become pulmonary pleura
60
Q

what is the plica venae cavae?

A
  • fold of mediastinal pleura on right side surrounds caudal vena cava and right phrenic n. extending into diaphragm
61
Q

what is the mediastinal recess?

A
  • small pleural space medial to plica venae cavae
  • occupied by accessory lobe
62
Q

what are the contents of cranial mediastinum?

A
  • dorsal: esophagus, trachea, great vessels (brachiocephalic trunk and cranial vena cava) and their branches
  • middle and ventral: thymus, internal thoracic aa and vv, cranial mediastinal lymph nodes
63
Q

what is in the middle mediastinum?

A
  • dorsal: esophagus, tracheal bifurcation, root of lung, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, aortic arch
  • middle and ventral: heart and pericardium, folds of pleura
64
Q

what is in the caudal mediastinum?

A
  • dorsal: esophagus, aorta, R azygous v.
  • middle: caudal vena cava
  • ventral: potential space between layers of pleura
65
Q

what is line of pleural reflection?

A
  • costal pleura reflects onto diaphragm forming costodiaphragmatic recess
  • goes from 8th CC to last rib
66
Q

what is important about costodiaphragmatic recess?

A
  • safe area for thoracic puncture
67
Q

what is important about superficial thoracic “spur” vein?

A
  • good landmark to denote CCJ
  • insert needle above vein and in middle of ICS
68
Q

what is hydrothorax?

A
  • excess serous fluid in pleural cavity
69
Q

what is haemothorax?

A
  • excess blood in cavity
70
Q

what is pyothorax?

A
  • pus in pleural cavity
71
Q

what is chylothorax?

A
  • chyle in pleural cavity due to ruptured thoracic duct
72
Q

what is pneumothorax?

A
  • air in pleural cavity
  • externally: penetrating injury
  • internally: lung trauma and damage to pulm pleura

Normal Animal (22 decks)

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