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Normal Animal > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What bone is at number 2

A

cranial bones

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2
Q

what does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

the skull, mandible, hyoid apparatus, sternum, ribs, vertebral column

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3
Q

what does the head skeleton include?

A
  • the skull (including mandible)
  • bones of middle ear
  • hyoid apparatus
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4
Q

What bone is at number 1?

A

facial bones

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5
Q

explain the facial region

A
  • rostal
  • houses nasal cavities, eyes, nose, tongue, structures of face
  • carry upper dental arcade
  • all paired except vomer
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6
Q

explain the neural region

A
  • caudal
  • houses the cranial cavity (brain case)
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7
Q

what skull morphology is this?

A

brachycephalic

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8
Q

what skull morphology is this?

A

mesaticephalic

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9
Q

what skull morphology is this?

A

dolichocephalic

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10
Q

what is the pink space?

A

cranial cavity

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11
Q

what is the yellow space

A

nasal cavity

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12
Q

what is the green space?

A

the paranasal sinuses

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13
Q

identify this marker

A

calvaria

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14
Q

identify this marker

A
  • cribriform plate
  • forms rostral wall of cranial cavity
  • has tiny holes for passage of the olfactory nerves and blood vessels
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15
Q

what is nasal septum

A

septum that divides nasal cavity into two nasal fossae

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16
Q

what is this spot?

A
  • nasal aperture
  • bony opening into nasal cavity
  • each nasal fossa extends from opening of aperture to the choanae
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17
Q

What is this?

A
  • nasal choanae
  • two bony openings at caudal end of hard palate and septum
  • lead from nasal cavity into single nasopharynx
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18
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

air-filled spaces in facial bones (between external and internal layers), used to be spongy bone between compact bone, but spongy bone reabsorbs leaving space

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19
Q

Horse paranasal sinuses

A
  • maxillary sinus is largest - 2 parts (rostral and caudal sinuses with bony septum between)
  • 4 pairs: maxillary, frontal, conchal, sphenopalatine
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20
Q

Ox paranasal sinuses

A
  • front sinus is the largest and extends into horn (cornual diverticulum)
  • single maxillary sinus
  • 6 pairs sinuses: frontal, maxillary, conchal, sphenoid, palatine, lacrimal
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21
Q

What is the vascular notch?

A
  • notch present in horse, absent in carnivores and small ruminants
  • can palpate pulse
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22
Q

What is at 1?

A

coronoid process

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23
Q

What is at 2?

A

condylar process

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24
Q

What is at 3?

A
  • angular process
  • only in dogs/cats
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25
Q

What is at 4?

A
  • ramus
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26
Q

What is at 5?

A
  • mental foramina
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27
Q

What is at 6?

A
  • mandibular symphysis (joint)
  • cartilage not fusion
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28
Q

What is at 7?

A
  • body of mandible
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29
Q

What is the hyoid apparatus?

A
  • a series of connected bones that suspends the tongue and larynx from the skull in intermandibular space
  • articulates at the myeloid process
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30
Q

Lingual process

A
  • projection of basihyoid bone into the tongue
  • absent in carnivores
  • long in horse
  • short in ox
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31
Q

What is this structure and relevance?

A
  • zygomatic arch
  • palpable structure (widest part of skull)
  • bridge between facial and neurocranial regions
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32
Q

What is number 1?

A

nasal bone

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33
Q

What is at number 3?

A

nasoincisive notch

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34
Q

What is at number 5?

A

infraorbital foramen

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35
Q

What is at number 2?

A

incisive bone

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36
Q

What animal does this skull belong to?

A

horse

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37
Q

What is the arrow pointing too and why is it significant?

A
  • facial crest is a ridge on lateral surface of face, only present in horse can be used as landmark (along with nasoincisive notch) to find infraorbital foramen
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38
Q

What is at the astrik?

A
  • facial tuberosity, in ruminants
  • only rostral part from horse present
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39
Q

Orbit

A
  • funnel shaped region that houses the eye
  • rim is complete in horse and ruminants
  • rim is incomplete in dog/cat has an orbital ligament to complete it
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40
Q

What is the red shaded region?

A
  • pterygopalatine fossa
  • a depression caudoventral to the orbit (also continuous with it)
  • has many foramina for vessels/nerves
  • filled by pterygoid muscles
  • medial to zygomatic arch and mandible
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41
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A
  • external acoustic meatus
  • osseous opening into the tympanic bulla
  • in intact state closed by tympanic membrane (eardrum)
  • borders give attachment for cartilage of the ear canal
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42
Q

What does the arrow point at?

A
  • located caudodorsal to the external acoustic meatus
  • an attachment site for muscles
  • hyoid apparatus articulates with
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43
Q

What does the arrow point at?

A
  • cornual process
  • direct continuation of front bones caudally
  • ## supports the horn
44
Q

What is at number 6?

A
  • external sagittal crest
  • median crest along caudal skull in dog and horse (not ruminants)
45
Q

What does the arrow point to?

A
  • nuchal crest
46
Q

What is at number 1?

A

external sagittal crest

47
Q

What is at number 2?

A
  • temporal fossa
  • houses temporalis muscle
48
Q

What are the purple lines (#3)?

A
  • temporal lines
  • converge to form ex. sagittal crest
  • boundaries of fossa
49
Q

What is the line?

A
  • temporal line of the ox which is more lateral due to the enlarged frontal bone present in ruminants
  • a landmark for nerve block (cornual nerve) used in dehorning
50
Q

What is the shaded yellow region?

A
  • forms roof of oral cavity
  • separates oral and nasal cavities
51
Q

What are the shaded pink regions?

A
  • tympanic bulla of a dog
  • a bony vesicle houses middle ear
  • may be entered for drainage
52
Q

What is at marker 1?

A
  • septum bullae
  • present in cats: divides the bulla into 2 unequal compartments
  • clinically important because if need to drain inner ear will have to break septum
53
Q

What is at number 2?

A

sympathetic nerves

54
Q

What is at number 3?

A
  • external acoustic meatus
55
Q

What is the left image pointing out?

A
  • enlarged size of tympanic bulla in cats
56
Q

What do the pink arrows point to?

A
  • nuchal crest
  • transverse ridge at transition from dorsal to caudal skull
57
Q

What does the astrik point to?

A
  • external occipital protuberance
  • most caudodorsal aspect of skull
  • palpable landmark for CSF taps in dogs
58
Q

What does the left pink arrow point at?

A
  • occipital condyle
  • articulates with atlas
59
Q

What does the right pink arrow point at?

A
  • foramen magnum
  • opening for spinal cord
60
Q

Discuss the infraorbital foramen

A
  • rostral openting to infraorbital canal
  • location for dental block
  • infraorbital (VAN) vein, artery, nerve pass through
61
Q

Explain sutures

A
  • special type of fibrous joint
  • present only between bones of skull in fetus and young animals
62
Q

What is gomphosis?

A
  • implantation of teeth in their alveoli by periodontal ligaments
  • do not ossify by age
  • is the only joint between bone and non bone (teeth)
63
Q

Name a fibrocartilaginous joint of the skull

A

mandibular symphysis

64
Q

Cartilaginous joint of skull

A
  • joint of hyoid apparatus with the skull (mastoid process)
65
Q

synovial joints of the skull

A
  • articulate of the hyoid apparatus with the larynx
  • TMJ (tempromandibular joint)
  • atlanto-occipital articulation
66
Q

Vertebral formula of dog and cat

A
  • C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd 20-23
67
Q

Vertebral formula of the horse

A

C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd15-21

68
Q

Vertebral formula of cow/bull

A
  • C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd18-20
69
Q

Vertebral formula of sheep and goat

A
  • C7 T13 L6,7 S4 Cd16-18
70
Q

Structure of typical vertebra

A
  • cranial extremity is convex
  • caudal extremity is concave (caves in)
71
Q

What is at marker 1?

A
  • spinous process
72
Q

What is at number 2?

A

cranial articular process (2)

73
Q

What is at number 3?

A

transverse process (TP) (paired laterally)

74
Q

What is at number 4?

A

caudal articular process (2)

75
Q

What is at number 5?

A

ventral crest

76
Q

What is at number 6?

A

vertebral body (extends cranially)

77
Q

What is at number 7?

A

vertebral foramen

78
Q

What is at 8?

A

vertebral arch - contains 2 halves each with a pedicle and a lamina

79
Q

What is at number 9?

A

lamina

80
Q

What is at number 10?

A

pedicle

81
Q

Vertebral foramina

A

house the vertebral canal containing spinal cord

82
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A
  • Formed by cranial and caudal vertebral notches in arches of adjacent vertebrae
  • transmits spinal nerves and vessels
83
Q

lateral vertebral foramina

A
  • enclosure of a vertebral notch - coming from an invertebral foramen that has spurs of bone formation extending from dorsal and ventral
  • in horse T11, T15, T16 may have fully formed lat vert foramina
84
Q

What is a transational vertebra?

A
  • a vertebra located between two adjacent vertebral regions (ie. cervical and thoracic) that contains morphological features from both regions - “hybrid”
  • ex: C7 has long spinous process like the thoracic but is still cervical
85
Q

discuss cervical vertebrae

A
  • 7 in most mammals, do not reach topline of neck (located in middle)
  • all have transverse foramina (transverse canal for VAN), except C7
86
Q

Describe the atlas

A
  • named because it supports the “globe” aka head
  • articulates with occipital condyles forming atlanto-occipital joint
  • no spinous process
  • does not have intervertebral foramen, has lateral vertebral for. for 1st cervical spine nerve
  • alar for. in dogs and cats
  • transverse processes modified into wings
87
Q

What is at number 1?

A
  • lateral vertebral foramen (dog)
88
Q

What is at number 3?

A
  • wing (dog)
89
Q

Describe C2 (axis)

A
  • longest body of vertebrae
  • large ridge like spinous process
  • dens (odontoid process) forms a pivot for atlantoaxial articulation
90
Q

What is at 3?

A

dens

91
Q

what is at 5?

A

spinous process of axis (c2)

92
Q

What is at 8?

A

transverse foramen of axis (C2)

93
Q

What is at 7?

A
  • transverse process of axis (c2)
94
Q

C3, C4, and C5

A
  • large ridge like spinous process
  • long body
95
Q

C6

A
  • large transverse processes (ventral projections)
  • landmark in surgery and x-ray
96
Q

C7

A
  • transitional vertebra
  • higher spinous process
  • no transverse foramen
  • costal facets on caudal surface for 1st rib
97
Q

describe thoracic vertebrae

A
  • each articulate with pair of ribs
  • short body and transverse processes
  • 6 costal fovae (facets)
  • body has 4: 2 cranial and 2 caudal (articulate with heads)
  • transverse processes have 2 costal facets (articulate with tubercles)
98
Q

What kind of vertebra and number 1?

A

thoracic - spinous process

99
Q

Vertebra and number 3?

A

thoracic - transverse process with costal fovea

100
Q

vertebra and 6&7?

A

thoracic - costal fovea

101
Q

Explain the withers

A
  • in the horse dorsal spinous processes are elongated (form withers)
102
Q

anticlinal vertebra

A
  • vertebra at which angle of spinous process changes
  • dogs T11
  • horse T15 or T16
103
Q

what is kissing spines?

A
  • in horses overcrowding and impingement of DSPs –> back pain
  • treat with anti-inflammatories, acupuncture, or removal of spinous processes
104
Q

explain how ribs attach

A
  • the head and tubercle of rib articulate with costal fovea of thoracic vertebrae
  • tubercle articulates with transverse process
  • head articulates with costal facets
  • rib gets number from its caudal vertebra
105
Q

Ribs

A
  • 13 pairs ribs (carnivores and ruminants), 12 ICS
  • 18 pairs ribs equine, 17 ICS
  • sternal ribs (true) 1-9
  • asternal ribs (false) 10-12
  • floating ribs (dog only) 13

Normal Animal (22 decks)

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