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Normal Animal > Gastrointestinal Physiology > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

where are the longitudinal muscles?

A
  • outer layer of guts, contract linearly
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2
Q

where are the circular muscles?

A
  • inner layer of guts, sphincter muscles that contract and make lumen smaller, contract circularly creating peristalsis
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3
Q

what is motility?

A
  • movement of the gut wall
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4
Q

what is propulsive motility?

A
  • moving aboral (away from mouth)
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5
Q

what is retentive motility?

A
  • material is retained longer
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6
Q

what is mixing motility?

A
  • material within lumen is churned
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7
Q

what is transit time?

A
  • timing of material getting from one area to another
  • altering transit time (increasing retention) and reducing propulsive motility are basis of treatments for d+
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8
Q

what is digestion?

A
  • a reduction in size
  • aim to reduce food to molecules small enough to be absorbed
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9
Q

what processes does digestion use?

A
  • physical, chemical, and/or enzymatic breakdown
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10
Q

what is an example of a short transit time?

A
  • birds eating high energy dense food - berries, little digestion is necessary - rapid absorption
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11
Q

what is an example of long transit time?

A
  • ruminants can take 30+ hours for a food item to transit entire GI
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12
Q

what is mechanical digestion?

A
  • physical dec in size caused by mechanical action
  • mastication or by tearing foods into smaller pieces, not all species chew (reptiles, birds, snakes, lizards, etc.)
  • gastric digestion: physical breakdown through contractions and mixing
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13
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A
  • hydrolysis of chemical bonds by action of HCl
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14
Q

what is enzymatic digestion?

A
  • hydrolysis of chemical bonds via enzymes produced by various regions of alimentary track or by hosted microbes
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15
Q

what is saliva?

A
  • aids in mastication and deglutition
  • volume varies but greatest in herbivores
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16
Q

what is special about ruminant saliva?

A
  • buffered solution required to help support rumen microbes and buffer acid produced in fermentation process
  • antifoaming characteristics
  • flow continuous but varies with activity
  • 80% of water entering ruminant stomach is via salivary secretions, beed water recovery from large intestine
17
Q

what is amylase?

A
  • in all species the major digestive enzyme
18
Q

what is absorption?

A
  • transport of nutrient particles into vascular system
  • can only follow adequate digestion (size reduction)
19
Q

what controls govern digestion and absorption processes?

A
  • maldigestive disease share clinical signs with malabsorptive diseases
  • etiologies are distinct and thus treated differently
  • 2 very skinny dogs, one may have bad teeth (maldigestive), vs a skinny animal with history of parvo where absorptive lining destroyed (malabsorptive)
20
Q

what is elimination?

A
  • production, temporary storage, and expulsion of fecal mass
21
Q

what is detoxification?

A
  • the liver is integral in detoxifying many substances
22
Q

what must all species do in order to manage bacteria?

A
  • prevent bacteria from leaving gut and entering blood
  • maintain correct types of bacteria for that species
  • keep colonic bacteria out of small intestine
23
Q

what are the two systems that control GI function?

A
  • intrinsic
  • extrinsic
24
Q

what part of the nervous system controls intrinsic system?

A
  • enteric nervous system
25
Q

describe the enteric nervous system

A
  • component of autonomic nervous system associated with regulation of digestion
  • controls majority of GI functions independent of CNS
26
Q

what do the intrinsic hormones do?

A
  • hormones that regulate system, they do not digest and are not secreted into lumen as digestive compounds
27
Q

what is the only extrinsic gut hormone?

A
  • aldosterone
28
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A
  • helps regulate water absorption from GI tract
29
Q

what nerves control extrinsic gut?

A
  • vagus
  • pelvic
  • splanchnic
  • hypogastric
30
Q

what are the two forms of immune protection in GI?

A
  • Peyer’s patches
  • Paneth cells
31
Q

what are Peyer’s patches?

A
  • immune surveillance of of intestinal lumen. facilitate immune response within mucosal lining of gut, very prevalent in ileum
32
Q

what are Paneth cells?

A
  • secrete antimicrobial peptides and proteins among other things
33
Q

what does gut lining secrete to aid in digestion and absorption?

A
  • mucus, HCl, HCO3, enzymes, electrolytes, water, hormones
34
Q

what is the first phase of digestion?

A
  • luminal phase: takes place within lumen of GI tract

Normal Animal (22 decks)

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