topical drugs, antihistamines

Question 1

what layer of skin does most cell division occur?

Answer 1

basal layer

Question 2

which layer of the epidermis is the major barrier to percutaneous absorption?

Answer 2

stratum corneum

Question 3

what are the pathways of absorption into the skin?

Answer 3

1. shunt route
2. transcellular route
3. intercellular route

Question 4

what is the most common route of absorption for the small uncharged molecules thru the skin?

Answer 4

intercellular route

Question 5

what sort of solns to use on scalp/other hairy areas?

Answer 5

lotions, gels, soln, foam, aerosol

Question 6

what sort of solns to use on areas where skin rubs against itself?

Answer 6

creams, lotions, solns

Question 7

what is the partition coefficient?

Answer 7

partitioning of drug from vehicle into stratum corneum

Question 8

what is the drug diffusion coefficient?

Answer 8

molecular aspects of the drug allowing diffusion across the skin layers

Question 9

derivative of coal tar, used to tx inflammatory & noinflamm acne, use does not lead to resistance

Answer 9

benzoyl peroxide

Question 10

what drug do you never see combined with tretinoin?

Answer 10

benzoyl peroxide

Question 11

MOA: induces apoptosis sebum producing cells of sebaceous glands–>directly suppresses sebum production

Answer 11

isotretinoin

Question 12

which retinoid? teratogenic (women must be on effective contraception 1 month prior, during and for 1 or more menstrual cycles following tx

Answer 12

isotretinoin

Question 13

which drugs fxn by normalizing follicular keratinization?

Answer 13

retinoids, salicyclic acid, azelaic acid, benzoyl peroxide

Question 14

which retinoid is admin with alcohol to prolong elimination time?

Answer 14

acitretin

Question 15

what is tachyphylaxis?

Answer 15

diminshed therapeutic benefit

Question 16

how to prevent tachyphylaxis?

Answer 16

use alternate day application

Question 17

what is the triple response of lewis?

Answer 17

1. red spot
2. flare
3. wheal

Question 18

where are there greater numbers of mast cells?

Answer 18

bronchial mucosa, intestinal mucosa, skin

Question 19

which type of histamine release results from membrane damage?

Answer 19

cytolytic histamine release

Question 20

which type of histamine release requires prior sensitization?

Answer 20

noncytolytic histamine release

Question 21

which Histamine receptor: expressed in smooth muscle cells, vascular endothelial cells, CNS neurons, peripheral sensory neurons

Answer 21

H1

Question 22

which Histamine receptor: gastric parietal cells, cardiac muscle, CNS neurons

Answer 22

H2

Question 23

which histamine receptor induces Ca release in the cells (Gq)?

Answer 23

H1

Question 24

which histamine receptor stimulates Gs?

Answer 24

H2

Question 25

activation of the____receptors in peripheral neurons of the epidermis causes itch, and of the dermis cause pain

Answer 25

H1

Question 26

activation of the _____receptors in the lung smooth muscle cells–>bronchoconstriction?

Answer 26

H1

Question 27

activation of the ____receptors in cardiac muscle–>incr contractile force, incr HR

Answer 27

H2

Question 28

which diseases cause incr in histamine levels?

Answer 28

1. myelogenous leukemia
2. gastric carcinoid tumors
3. systemic mast cell diseases

Question 29

what is an inverse agonist?

Answer 29

H1 antihistamines irreversibly bind to receptor & stabilize the inactive form

Question 30

which 1st generation has a significant inhibition of A1 adrenergic receptors?

Answer 30

promethazine

Question 31

which H1 antihistamines have the strongest antiemetic effects

Answer 31

diphenhydamine, promethazine, hydroxyzine, meclazine

Question 32

which H1 antihistamines have the highest sedative effects?

Answer 32

diphenhydamine, promethazine, hydroxyzine

Question 33

which H1 antihistamines have the highest anticholingeric effects?

Answer 33

diphenhydamine, promethazine

Question 34

which H1 antihistamine has anti-serotonin receptor effects?

Answer 34

cyproheptadine

Question 35

azelastine can be administered ______ and ______

Answer 35

intranasal and opthalamic

Question 36

of the 2nd generation H1 antihistamines, which ones have a potential for slight drowsiness?

Answer 36

levocetririzine, cetirizine

Question 37

MOA: Stabilize mast cells (inhib degranulation) via inhib of chloride channels

Answer 37

Cromolyn & Nedocromil

Question 38

MOA: Recombinant humanized monoclonal ab that binds IgE–>prevents Ab from binding mast cells

Answer 38

Omalizumab

Question 39

what to use for severe psoriasis?

Answer 39

acitretin