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antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

structural components of gram negative bacteria?

A

LPS, lipid bilayer of cytoplasmic membrane, hydrophilic pores, nutrient receptor proteins on outer membrane

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2
Q

structural components of gram positive bacteria?

A

teichoic & teichuonic acid, lipid bilayer of cytoplasmic membrane, nutrient transport proteins of cytoplasmic membrane

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3
Q

what are the 3 common drug targets that utilize selective toxicity?

A
  1. disrupt genetic machinery 2. block protein synthesis 3. disrupt cell wall/membrane synthesis
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4
Q

an agent that will kill the bacteria

A

bactericidal

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5
Q

an agent that will inhibit the growth of the bacteria, but will not kill the bacteria

A

bacteristatic

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6
Q

do bacteristatic or bactericidal agents rely on the host immune system to get rid of microbe?

A

bacteristatic

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7
Q

lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent that will inhibit the visible growth of bacteria in liquid culture

A

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

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8
Q

the concentration of antibiotic from the original MIC plate that shows NO GROWTH after subculture.

A

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)

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9
Q

treatment of high-risk patients that have become infected but are asymptomatic.

A

Pre-emptive therapy

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10
Q

treatment of a symptomatic patient without further testing or confirmation of the organism.

A

empiric therapy

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11
Q

treatment once the pathogenic organism has been identified and appropriate drug identified.

A

definitive tx

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12
Q

generally a low dose therapy used as a secondary prophylaxis. Problem that caused initial infection is likely still present.

A

suppressive tx

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13
Q

what are the very drug resistant organisms

A 
ESKAPE
Enterococcus faecium	
Staphylococcus aureus	
Klebsiella pneumoniae	
Acinetobacter baumanni	
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	
Enterobacter species
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14
Q

which drug is an example of reduced drug entry into the organism via change in overall charge of membrane as a mechanism of resistance?

A

daptomycin

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15
Q

which drug is an example of increased drug export via efflux pump as a mechanism of resistance from the organism?

A

tetracycline

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16
Q

which drug is an example of changes in expression enzymes that activate the prodrug as a mechanism of resistance?

A

metronidazole

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17
Q

which drug is an example of expression of enzymes by the organism that destroy the drug as a mechanism of resistance?

A

aminoglycosides (streptomycin)

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18
Q

which drug is an example of expression beta lactamase as mechanism of resistance?

A

amoxicillin

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19
Q

which drug is an example of impaired drug binding to the original target as a mechanism of resistance?

A

TMP-SMX

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20
Q

which drug have bacteria developed new or different pathways that are not inhibited by drug?

A

vancomycin

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21
Q

what links the NAM-NAG peptidoglycan monomers b/w the NAM-NAG chains in the layer?

A

penicillin binding proteins

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22
Q

what beta lactamase inhibitor is used with PCN oftn?

A

clavulanic acid (augmentin)

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23
Q

which penicillins are broad spectrum?

A

amoxicillin, ampicillin

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24
Q

which penicillins are beta-lactamase resistant?

A

methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin

25
Q

which generation beta lactam antibiotics have good CNS penetration?

A

3rd & 4th generation cephalosporins

26
Q

which generation: ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefdinir, cefixinme

A

3rd generation cephalosporin

27
Q

which generation: cefepime

A

4th generation cephalosporin

28
Q

which PBP inhibitors have less hypersensitvity?

A

Aztreonam

29
Q

which class of drugs need to be coadministered with cilastatin to prevent inactivation in kidney?

A

carbapenems

30
Q

which PBP inhibiting drug have GI side effects?

A

carbapenems

31
Q

which beta lactam antibiotic does not inhibit PBP?

A

vancomycin

32
Q

focfomycin is associated with tx of what?

A

UTI

33
Q

which protein synthesis are associated with nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity?

A

aminoglycosides

34
Q

erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin and associated with what subgroup?

A

macrolides

35
Q

which class of drugs Binds to 30S (perhaps 50S as well) and blocks formation of initiation complex (Step 1)?

A

aminoglycosides

36
Q

which class of drugs Binds to the 50S and impairs the translocation to the “P” site (Step 4)?

A

macrolides

37
Q

which class of drugs Binds to the 30S subunit of the ribosome and prevents binding of a new aminoacyl-tRNA to “A” site (Step 2)?

A

tetracyclines

38
Q

which protein synthesis inhibitor binds calcium and disrupts growth of teeth?

A

tetracyclines

39
Q

which drug is assc’ed with gray baby syndrome, suppression of RBC?

A

chloramphenicol

40
Q

which drug is very effective against resistant organisms, and works by inhibiting the formation of the ribosomal-fMet-tRNA complex?

A

linezolid

41
Q

clindamycin is broad spectrum or narrow spectrum?

A

narrow spectrum

42
Q

which drug inhibits topoisomerase II and IV?

A

ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin

43
Q

of the fluroquinolones, which group has the best activity against gram positive?

A

group 3

44
Q

which drug is used for mild-moderate C diff infxn?

A

metronidazole

45
Q

which drug sticks to LPS and punches holes in the membrane?

A

polymyxin B

46
Q

which types of antibiotics to use for complicated infxns?

A

PCN + lactamase inhibitor

47
Q

what drugs do you most commonly choose from to tx MRSA?

A

vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin

48
Q

what is empiric tx for osteomyelitis

A

vancomycin, cephalosporins

49
Q

what drugs should you use for septic arthritis or in general, blood infxns?

A

3rd-4th generation cephalosporins (Cefdinir/Ceftriaxone/Cefotaxime/Cefixime; Cefepime)

50
Q

why can you use PCN or amoxicillin to tx pharyngitis?

A

b/c microbes are more likely to be gram+

51
Q

what are the common drugs that are prescribed for UTI?

A

TMP SMX, fluoroquinolone

52
Q

what is the broad spectrum powerhouse that is used to tx intra-abdominal infxns?

A

ticarcillin + clavulanate

53
Q

tx of C diff?

A

moderate: metronidazole
severe: vancomycin

54
Q

what to use for community acquired bacterial meningitis?

A

ceftriaxone or cefotaxime + vancomycin

55
Q

what to use for neonatal meningitis (

A

ampiciliin+ cephalosporin +/- gentamicin

56
Q

what to use for sepsis or endocarditis?

A

3rd/4th gen ceph + vancomycin

57
Q

beside linezolid or daptomycin, what else can you use to tx resistant enterococci?

A

tigecycline

58
Q

which beta lactams are beta lactamase resistant?

A

methicillin/nafcillin/oxavillin
Cefepime
Aztreonam
Carpamenems

Pharm (20 decks)

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