Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Topic N - Man's use of biological resources > Flashcards

Topic N - Man's use of biological resources Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How are glasshouses used to increase the yield of certain crops

A
  1. Crops free from pests and diseases
  2. Control water supply
  3. Artificial light = more time to photosynthesis
  4. Trap heat = keep plants warm ( heater used in winter)
  5. Increase level of CO2 - use paraffin heater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do polythene tunnels increase crop yield

A

Large plastic sheet over crops

Keeps crops warm and contains humidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the difference between glasshouses and polythene tunnels

A

Glass houses are more expensive than polythene tunnels because more variables can be controlled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does increasing the temperature and CO2 and light effect crop yield

A

Increase rate of photosynthesis
Plants grow bigger + faster
Crop yields = higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the use of fertiliser increase crop yield

A

Fertilisers replace missing minerals in the soil or provide more of them= increase crop yield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What 4 important minerals do plants require and why

A

Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Magnisum

Because needed to make important compounds like proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the reasons for pest control

A

To kill pests that feed on crops = fewer plants are damaged or destroyed = increase in crop yield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Definition of pesticides

A

Group of chemicals that target pests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Definition of biological control

A

Alternative to using pesticides

Using other organisms to reduce the number of pests

By encouraging wild organisms or adding new ones ( predators )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 2 forms of pest control

A

Pesticides

Biological Control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the advantages of pesticides

A

Easy to control
Effective- kills the pest
Relatively cheap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are disadvantages of pesticides

A

Poisonous to humans
Harm other wildlife
Not very specific
Requires constant labour ( each season )
Can contaminate food supply= effect food chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Advantages of biological control

A 
lasts longer
no reapplication
specific
avoids bioaccumulation ( food chains )
no development of resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Disadvantages of biological control

A

New organisms = pest themselves
Undesired/ unknown effects
Less guarantee it will work
Expensive- maintenance + labour ( needs highly trained people )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

PAPER 2

Why do people want to farm large numbers of fish

A

To provide protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

PAPER 2

What methods are used in fish farming to produce large amounts of fish

A
  1. Maintains water quality ( filter out watste)
  2. Protection from interspecific predation ( being eaten by other animals eg. Birds + seals)
  3. Controlling intraspecific predation ( organisms eat individuals of the same species) = separate small and large fish so small fish don’t get eaten
  4. Controlling quality and frequency of of feeding = maximise energy = bigger + quicker fish will grow
  5. Controlling disease
  6. Selective breeding = less aggressive + faster growing fish produced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is yeast

A

a useful microorganism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens when yeast respires aerobically ( in presence of oxygen)

A

it breaks down sugar into CO2 and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where is yeast used and how does it work

A

baking

mixed into the dough to create bubbles of CO2 that make dough rise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how does yeast work in the production of bread

A
  1. enzymes breakdown carbohydrates into sugars
  2. yeast uses sugars in aerobic respiration = produce CO2
  3. when oxygen runs out= anaerobic respiration (fermentation) = produce CO2 + ethanol (alcohol)
  4. CO2 produced = trapped in bubbles in the dough
  5. pockets of gas expand + dough rises
  6. dough baked= temperature kills yeast = stop fermenting + alcohol produced = boiled away
  7. yeast dies = bread stop rising – but pockets left in bread where CO2 was trapped
21
Q

what is a fermenter ( in industry) and what are there purposes

A

a large container where useful microorganism are grown

to make the yield of products from the microorganisms can be as big as possible

22
Q

what is a fermenter filled with

A

full of liquid culture medium in which microorganisms can grow and reproduce

23
Q

what are the conditions inside a fermenter

A

conditions are kept at the optimum levels for growth= yield of products can be as big as possible

24
Q

list the conditions controlled in a fermenter

A
  1. aseptic precautions ( sterilisation with superheated steam kills unwanted microbes)
  2. nutrients
  3. optimum temp + pH
  4. oxygenation
  5. agitation
25
Q

what are aseptic precautions in a fermenter

A

vessels sterilised with super heated steam = kill unwanted microbes

26
Q

why are aseptic precautions needed in a fermenter

A

increases product yield

microorganism aren’t competing with other organisms

product doesn’t get contaminated

27
Q

why are nutrients needed in a fermenter

A

provided in the liquid culture medium

needed for growth

28
Q

why is an optimum temp. needed in a fermenter

A

provided by water cool jacket

needed so doesn’t get to hot an so enzymes don’t denture

29
Q

why is an optimum pH needed in a fermenter

A

needed for microorganisms enzymes to work efficiently

keeps rate of reaction and product yield as high as possible

30
Q

why is an oxygenation needed in a fermenter

A

provided by pumping in sterile air

needed for respiration to provide energy for growth

31
Q

what is agitation in fermenter

A

when microorganisms are kept in contact with fresh medium by paddles that circulate (agitate) the medium around the vessel

32
Q

why is an agitation needed in a fermenter

A

needed so microorganisms can always access the nutrients need for growth = increases the product yield

33
Q

what is selective breeding

A

develops plants and animals with desired characteristics

by taking the best plants or animals and breeding them together to get the best possible offspring

34
Q

list some features why organism are selectively bread

A

maximum yield of meat, milk , grain

good health and disease resistant

speed, fertility, good mothing skills ( animals )

attractive flowers, nice smells

35
Q

how can plants be genetically modified to improve food production

A

resistant to insects

resistant to herbicides ( chemicals that kill plants )

36
Q

what are the benefits of making crops insect resistant

A

farmers don’t need to spray as many pesticides = wildlife that doesn’t eat crops = not harmed

increases crop yield = make more food

37
Q

what are the benefits of making crops herbicide resistant

A

farmers can spray their crops to kills weeds without affecting crop itself

38
Q

what are the concerns with genetically modifying crops

A
  1. transplanted genes may get out into environment = create super weeds
  2. could adversely affect food chains or even human health
39
Q

why are some people totally against genetic engineering all together

A

worry that changing an organisms genes = create unforeseen problems= passed onto future generations

40
Q

definition of transgenic

A

transfer of genetic material from one species to a different species

genes transferred from another species

(eg. insulin- restriction & ligase enzymes, recombinant DNA)

41
Q

PAPER 2

describe the process of micropropagation (tissue culture ) in which explants are grown in vitro ( cloning plants )

A
  1. plant with desirable characteristics is selected to be cloned
  2. Explants ( small pieces ) are taken from tips of stem or side shoots = meristem ( stem cells = living growing tissue)
  3. explants sterilised= kill any microorganisms
  4. explants grown in vitro = placed petri dish containing nutrient medium ( contains nutrients + growth hormones = needed for explants to grow )
  5. cells in explant divide + grow into a small plant (further explants can be taken from small plants until enough are produced)
  6. small plants taken out of medium= planted in soil + put in glasshouses
  7. develop into plant genetically identical to original plant ( share same characteristics)
42
Q

PAPER 2

what is micropopagation used for

A

to produce commercial quantities of genetically identical plants with desirable characteristics

43
Q

PAPER 2

describe the stages in the production of cloned mammals ( use dolly the sheep as example )

A
  1. nucleus of sheeps egg cell = removed = enucleated cell ( cell without nucleus )
  2. diploid nucleus from a mature (udder) cell (of a different sheep) = inserted into enucleated cell
  3. cell = stimulated ( by electric shock) = start dividing by mitosis ( as if it was a normal fertilised egg) = develops into embryo
  4. dividing cell ( embryo ) = implanted in uterus of another sheep ( segregate mother ) to develop until it was ready to be born.
  5. result = dolly = clone of sheep that udder cell came from.
44
Q

PAPER 2

how can cloned transgenic animals be used to produce human proteins

A

cows + sheep make protein naturally in their milk

by transferring human genes into the cells of theses animals = produce useful human proteins in milk

45
Q

PAPER 2

what have transgenic chicken been engineered to produce

A

human proteins in egg white

46
Q

PAPER 2

what can transgenic cows and sheep produce in their milk

A

can produce human antibodies = used in therapy for illnesses like arthritis, some types of cancer and multiple sclerosis

47
Q

PAPER 2

what can be done to transgenic animals which is beneficial

A

can be cloned = useful genetic characteristics = passed on ( this doesn’t always happen with breeding)

48
Q

PAPER 2

definition of clone

A

genetically identical organisms

Biology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions