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Biology > Topic G - Coordination & Response > Flashcards

Topic G - Coordination & Response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how do organisms respond to changes in their surroundings

A

Tropisms

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2
Q

what tropism detects light

A

phototropism

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3
Q

what tropism detects moisture ( water)

A

hydrotropism

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4
Q

what tropism detects gravity

A

geotropism

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5
Q

in what direction of growth do shoots grow ( 2 things )

A
  1. towards light = +ve phototropism

2. away from gravity = -ve geotropism

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6
Q

in what direction of growth do roots grow ( 2 things )

A
  1. towards moisture = +ve hydrotropism

2. towards gravity = +ve geotropism

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7
Q

what are the 5 steps to co-ordinated/ reflex arc response

A
  1. stimulus =change in enviroment
  2. Receptor= sensor organs (nerve ending)
  3. Co-ordinating centre = brain + spinal chord
  4. Effector = muscle
  5. Response = movement
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8
Q

what is homeostasis

A

maintenance of constant internal enviroment

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9
Q

what are examples of homeostasis

A

body water content

body temperature

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10
Q

what do plants respond to

A

stimuli = light, heat, moisture

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11
Q

what is auxin

A

plant hormone that controls growth

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12
Q

where is auxin produced

A

in the shoot tips

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13
Q

what does auxin increase and decrease

A

increases growth in shoots

decreases growth in roots

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14
Q

how does auxin work in response to light

A

auxin accumulates on the dark side= growth on that side= bend towards light

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15
Q

what are 2 parts of the central nervous system and what are they linked to and how

A

brain + spinal chord

link to sense organs by nerves

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16
Q

what does stimulation of receptors in sense organs do

A

sends electrical impulse along nerves into and out of central nervous system= rapid responses ( reflex)

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17
Q
  1. what do synapses do

2. what do neurotransmitters (chemicals ) do at the synapse

A

1.connect neurons (connection between 2 neurons =synapse)

  1. transfers nerve signals by diffusing across the gap
    + set of new a new electrical signal in the next neurone
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18
Q

describe process of reflex arc - removal of finger from a hot object

(CNS= central nervous system)

A
  1. stimulus = hot object
  2. receptors (skin) detect stimulus
  3. impulse sent along sensory neurone to the CNS
  4. in CNS impulses are passed along relay neurone (via a synapse)
  5. relay neurones relay impulse to a motor neurone
  6. impulse travels along motor neurone to the effector (muscle)
  7. muscle contracts + moves finger away from hot object
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19
Q

what is the eye and what does it do

A

receptor = major sense organ = detects light

20
Q

how does the eye focus on distant objects

A

cilary muscles relax= suspensory ligament pulled tight= lens = less convex (flat) = refracts light by smaller amount

21
Q

how does the eye focus on nearer objects

A

cilary muscles contract = smaller amount of space = suspensory ligament relax = lens = more convex (rounded) = refracts light by larger amount

22
Q

function of iris

A

muscle which contracts or relax to change pupil size

23
Q

how does eye react to bright light

A

circular muscles contract= radial muscles relax= pupil constricts( smaller )= lets less light in

24
Q

how does eye react to dim/ no light

A

circular muscles relax = radial muscles contract = pupil dilates = lets more light in

25
Q

What process can help us cool down when we are to hot

A

Vasodilation

sweating- when it evaporates it transfers energy from skin to the environment= cooler

26
Q

How does vasodilation work

A
  1. Muscles relax widening entrance to capillaries.
  2. More blood flows through capillaries towards surface of skin
  3. Increased heat loss by radiation and reduction
27
Q

What process helps to warm us up when to cold

A

Vasoconstriction

shiver + exercise = increase rate of respiration= transfers more energy to warm body

28
Q

How does vasoconstriction work

A
  1. Muscles contract constricting entrance to capillaries.
  2. Very little blood flows through capillaries
  3. Reduced heat loss
29
Q

How does hair on our body react when cold

A
  1. Hair muscles pull hairs on end.
  2. Erect hairs trap air.
  3. Blood flow in capillaries decreases.
30
Q

How does sweating occur when hot

A
  1. Hair muscles relax. Hairs lie flat so heat can escape.
  2. Sweat secreted by sweat glands. Cools skin by evaporation.
  3. Blood flow in capillaries increases.
31
Q

Describe differences in type of signal of nervous system ( N ) and hormonal system ( H )

A
  1. N = electrical

H = chemical

32
Q

Describe differences in transmitting of signal ( how message sent ) of nervous system ( N ) and hormonal system ( H )

A 
N = nerve cells. ( exocrine )  
H= nerve cells in blood stream ( endocrine )
33
Q

Describe differences in effectors of nervous system ( N ) and hormonal system ( H )

A 
N = muscle or glands 
H = target cells in particular tissues
34
Q

Describe differences in type of response of nervous system ( N ) and hormonal system ( H )

A

N= muscle contraction or secretion

H = chemical change

35
Q

Describe differences in speed of response of nervous system ( N ) and hormonal system ( H )

A

N= very rapid

H= slower

36
Q

Describe differences in duration of response of nervous system ( N ) and hormonal system ( H )

A

N= short ( until nerve impulses stops

H = long ( until hormone is broken down

37
Q

Where is adrenaline found and what does it do

A
  1. Found in Adrenal gland

2. Prepares body for physical activity

38
Q

Where is insulin found and what does it do

A
  1. Found in Pancreas gland

2. Lowers blood glucose

39
Q

Where is testosterone found and what does it do

A
  1. In Testes gland

2. Controls development of male secondary characteristics

40
Q

Where is progesterone found and what does it do

A
  1. In Ovaries

2. Regulates menstrual cycle

41
Q

Where is oestrogen found and what does it do

A
  1. In Ovaries

2. Controls the development of female secondary sexual characteristics

42
Q

PAPER 2

What 4 hormones are found in the Pituitary

A
  1. Follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH )
  2. Luteinising hormone ( LH )
  3. Anti - diuretic hormone ( ADH )
  4. Growth hormone ( GH )
43
Q

PAPER 2

What is the role of the follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH )

A

Stimulates egg development and oestrogen secretion in females and sperm production in males

44
Q

PAPER 2

What is the role of the luteinising hormone ( LH )

A

Stimulates egg release ( ovulation ) in females and testosterone in males

45
Q

PAPER 2

What is the role of the anti - diuretic hormone ( ADH )

A

Controls water content of the blood

46
Q

PAPER 2

What is the role of the growth hormone ( GH )

A

Speeds up rate of growth and development in children

47
Q

what 3 things does a co-ordinated response require

A

stimulus
receptor
effector

Biology (14 decks)

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