Topic J -Transport in cells and animals

Question 1

definition of diffusion

Answer 1

net movement of particles from high concentration to a lower concentration down a concentration gradient till reaches equilibrium

Question 2

example of diffusion

Answer 2

gasses and liquids O2 and CO2 diffuse in and out of blood

Question 3

definition of osmosis

Answer 3

movement of water from an area of high water potential to low water potential down a gradient across a semi permeable membrane

Question 4

example of osmosis

Answer 4

water enters into root hair cells by osmosis

Question 5

definition of active transport

Answer 5

net movement of particles from low to high against concentration gradient across semi permeable membrane.

Requires energy

Question 6

example of active transport

Answer 6

mineral ions are actively transported into root hair cells

Question 7

what factors effect the rate of movement of substances in and out of cells

Answer 7

surface area to volume ratio
distance
temperature
concentration gradient

Question 8

why can simple unicellular organisms rely on diffusion for movement of substances in out of cells

Answer 8

all the life processes in a unicellular organism take place in that one cell

Question 9

why do multicellular organisms need transport systems

Answer 9

Multicellular organisms need organ systems to carry out functions such as:
1. Communication between cells, eg the nervous system and circulatory system

2. Supplying the cells with nutrients, eg the digestive system
3. Controlling exchanges with the environment, eg the respiratory system and excretory system

Question 10

how is the heart structured

Answer 10

has 4 chambers, right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle

Question 11

how does adrenaline effect heart rate

Answer 11

increase heart rate

Question 12

how does exercise effect heart rate and why

Answer 12

1. body’s cells need more glucose and oxygen during exercise, and the blood supplies this
   - muscles need more energy = respire more
2. heart rate increases as activity increases in = blood flow faster=more oxygen into cells + co2 removed
3. detected as a faster pulse rate. .

Question 13

what factors increase the rate of coronary heart disease

Answer 13

smoking
high blood pressure
high levels of salt in the diet
high levels of saturated fat in the diet

Question 14

describe structure of arteries

Answer 14

thick muscual wall + narrow lumen
contain no valves
blood pressure high due to thin lumen + muscular walls

Question 15

function of arteries

Answer 15

carries oxygenated blood from heart to organs ( movement out)

Question 16

structure of veins

Answer 16

thin muscular wall + wide lumen
contains valves
blood pressure = low

Question 17

function of veins

Answer 17

carries deoxygenated blood from organs to heart ( movement in )

Question 18

structure of capillaries

Answer 18

1 cell thick + no wall
contains no valves
blood pressure low cos tubes let substances out

Question 19

function of capillaries

Answer 19

transport blood from arteries ( oxygenated ) to tissue to veins ( deoxygenated

Question 20

what is blood

Answer 20

a tissue

Question 21

what is blood made up of

Answer 21

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
plasma

Question 22

what is plasma and what does it contains

Answer 22

the liquid part of the blood

contains dissolved nutrients= CO2, minerals, urea, hormones

Question 23

function of plasma

Answer 23

carries blood cells around the body

distributes heat round the body

Question 24

structure of red blood cells

Answer 24

small cells ( 8-10 microns )
biconcave shape
no nucleus
contain lots of haemoglobin

Question 25

function of red blood cells

Answer 25

transport oxygen using haemoglobin

Question 26

what does immune system use to respond to disease

Answer 26

white blood cells

Question 27

name two types of white blood cells

Answer 27

phagocytes | lymphocytes

Question 28

structure of phagocytes

Answer 28

very large cells | lobed nucleus = allows cell to change shape= fit through gaps

Question 29

function of phagocytes

Answer 29

ingest pathogens by phagocytosis ( cell eating)

Question 30

structure of lymphocytes

Answer 30

big nucleus | surface area has receptors that act as antibodies

Question 31

function of lymphocytes

Answer 31

detects pathogens + antigens creates new antibodies antibodies attach to antigens = complimentary binding = destroy pathogens (bacteria + viruses )

Question 32

PAPER 2 what does vaccination result in

Answer 32

manufacture of memory cells =future antibody production to occur faster + sooner

Question 33

PAPER 2 function of platelets

Answer 33

red blood cells get trapped in fibrin threads= blood clotting= prevents blood loss and + entry of micro-organisms

Question 34

need to know the structure of the circulation system

Answer 34

look at pg. 41 of CGP

Question 35

definition of pulmonary

Answer 35

to do with lungs

Question 36

definition of hepatic

Answer 36

to do with liver

Question 37

definition of renal

Answer 37

to do with kidneys

Question 38

what kind or blood do arteries usually carry

Answer 38

oxygenated

Question 39

what kind of blood do veins usually carry

Answer 39

deoxygenated

Question 40

which veins and arteries do not follow the rules in terms of what kind of blood they carry

Answer 40

``` pulmonary artery (deoxygenated) pulmonary vein ( oxygenated) ```

Question 41

describe structure of heat and labels

Answer 41

look at pg. 40 of CGP

Question 42

how does the heart function

Answer 42

1. right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from body through the vena cava 2. deoxygenated blood moves through right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery 3. left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein 4. oxygenated blood moves through the left ventricle, which pumps it around the whole body via the aorta 5.

Question 43

describe the difference between the left and right ventricle of the heart

Answer 43

1. left ventricle= thicker wall than right | 2. blood in left ventricle = higher than blood pressure in right ventricle

Question 44

why does the left ventricle of the heart have a thicker wall and a higher blood pressure than the right ventricle

Answer 44

left ventricle has to pump blood around the whole body | right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs

Question 45

what do the valves in the heart prevent

Answer 45

backflow of blood

Question 46

what are the names of the valves found on the right side of the heart

Answer 46

semi- lunar valve | tricuspid valve

Question 47

what are the names of the valves found on the left side of the heart

Answer 47

semi-lunar valve | bicuspid valve