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Biology > Topic J -Transport in cells and animals > Flashcards

Topic J -Transport in cells and animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

definition of diffusion

A

net movement of particles from high concentration to a lower concentration down a concentration gradient till reaches equilibrium

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2
Q

example of diffusion

A

gasses and liquids O2 and CO2 diffuse in and out of blood

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3
Q

definition of osmosis

A

movement of water from an area of high water potential to low water potential down a gradient across a semi permeable membrane

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4
Q

example of osmosis

A

water enters into root hair cells by osmosis

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5
Q

definition of active transport

A

net movement of particles from low to high against concentration gradient across semi permeable membrane.

Requires energy

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6
Q

example of active transport

A

mineral ions are actively transported into root hair cells

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7
Q

what factors effect the rate of movement of substances in and out of cells

A

surface area to volume ratio
distance
temperature
concentration gradient

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8
Q

why can simple unicellular organisms rely on diffusion for movement of substances in out of cells

A

all the life processes in a unicellular organism take place in that one cell

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9
Q

why do multicellular organisms need transport systems

A

Multicellular organisms need organ systems to carry out functions such as:
1. Communication between cells, eg the nervous system and circulatory system

  1. Supplying the cells with nutrients, eg the digestive system
  2. Controlling exchanges with the environment, eg the respiratory system and excretory system
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10
Q

how is the heart structured

A

has 4 chambers, right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle

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11
Q

how does adrenaline effect heart rate

A

increase heart rate

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12
Q

how does exercise effect heart rate and why

A
  1. body’s cells need more glucose and oxygen during exercise, and the blood supplies this
    - muscles need more energy = respire more
  2. heart rate increases as activity increases in = blood flow faster=more oxygen into cells + co2 removed
  3. detected as a faster pulse rate. .
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13
Q

what factors increase the rate of coronary heart disease

A

smoking
high blood pressure
high levels of salt in the diet
high levels of saturated fat in the diet

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14
Q

describe structure of arteries

A

thick muscual wall + narrow lumen
contain no valves
blood pressure high due to thin lumen + muscular walls

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15
Q

function of arteries

A

carries oxygenated blood from heart to organs ( movement out)

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16
Q

structure of veins

A

thin muscular wall + wide lumen
contains valves
blood pressure = low

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17
Q

function of veins

A

carries deoxygenated blood from organs to heart ( movement in )

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18
Q

structure of capillaries

A

1 cell thick + no wall
contains no valves
blood pressure low cos tubes let substances out

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19
Q

function of capillaries

A

transport blood from arteries ( oxygenated ) to tissue to veins ( deoxygenated

20
Q

what is blood

A

a tissue

21
Q

what is blood made up of

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
plasma

22
Q

what is plasma and what does it contains

A

the liquid part of the blood

contains dissolved nutrients= CO2, minerals, urea, hormones

23
Q

function of plasma

A

carries blood cells around the body

distributes heat round the body

24
Q

structure of red blood cells

A

small cells ( 8-10 microns )
biconcave shape
no nucleus
contain lots of haemoglobin

25
Q

function of red blood cells

A

transport oxygen using haemoglobin

26
Q

what does immune system use to respond to disease

A

white blood cells

27
Q

name two types of white blood cells

A

phagocytes

lymphocytes

28
Q

structure of phagocytes

A

very large cells

lobed nucleus = allows cell to change shape= fit through gaps

29
Q

function of phagocytes

A

ingest pathogens by phagocytosis ( cell eating)

30
Q

structure of lymphocytes

A

big nucleus

surface area has receptors that act as antibodies

31
Q

function of lymphocytes

A

detects pathogens + antigens
creates new antibodies
antibodies attach to antigens = complimentary binding = destroy pathogens (bacteria + viruses )

32
Q

PAPER 2

what does vaccination result in

A

manufacture of memory cells =future antibody production to occur faster + sooner

33
Q

PAPER 2

function of platelets

A

red blood cells get trapped in fibrin threads= blood clotting= prevents blood loss and + entry of micro-organisms

34
Q

need to know the structure of the circulation system

A

look at pg. 41 of CGP

35
Q

definition of pulmonary

A

to do with lungs

36
Q

definition of hepatic

A

to do with liver

37
Q

definition of renal

A

to do with kidneys

38
Q

what kind or blood do arteries usually carry

A

oxygenated

39
Q

what kind of blood do veins usually carry

A

deoxygenated

40
Q

which veins and arteries do not follow the rules in terms of what kind of blood they carry

A 
pulmonary artery (deoxygenated)
pulmonary vein ( oxygenated)
41
Q

describe structure of heat and labels

A

look at pg. 40 of CGP

42
Q

how does the heart function

A
  1. right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from body through the vena cava
  2. deoxygenated blood moves through right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
  3. left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein
  4. oxygenated blood moves through the left ventricle, which pumps it around the whole body via the aorta

5.

43
Q

describe the difference between the left and right ventricle of the heart

A
  1. left ventricle= thicker wall than right

2. blood in left ventricle = higher than blood pressure in right ventricle

44
Q

why does the left ventricle of the heart have a thicker wall and a higher blood pressure than the right ventricle

A

left ventricle has to pump blood around the whole body

right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs

45
Q

what do the valves in the heart prevent

A

backflow of blood

46
Q

what are the names of the valves found on the right side of the heart

A

semi- lunar valve

tricuspid valve

47
Q

what are the names of the valves found on the left side of the heart

A

semi-lunar valve

bicuspid valve

Biology (14 decks)

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