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Biology > Topic M - Inheritence > Flashcards

Topic M - Inheritence Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition of a genome

A

The entire DNA of an organisms

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2
Q

Definition of gene

A

A section of a molecule of DNA that codes for a specific protein

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3
Q

PAPER 2

Describe the structure of a DNA molecule

A

2 strands coiled to form a double helix

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4
Q

PAPER 2

What are the strands in a DNA molecule linked by

A

A series of paired bases

  • Adenine with Thymine ( A+T)
  • Cytosine with Guanine ( C + G)
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5
Q

PAPER 2

What is special about an RNA molecule

A

It is single stranded and contains Uracil ( U ) instead of Thymine ( T)

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6
Q

PAPER 2

What are the 2 stages of protein synthesis

A

Transcription and Translation

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7
Q

PAPER 2

What is transcription

A

the enzyme RNA polymerase is involved in joining together the base sequence to make mRNA

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8
Q

PAPER 2

Describe the process of Transcription

A
  1. RNA polymerase binds to a region of non- coding DNA in front of a gene
  2. 2 DNA stands unzip + the RNA polymerase moves along one of the strands of the DNA
  3. RNA polymerase using the coding DNA in gene as a template to make mRNA = base paring
  4. Base paring between DNA + RNA polymerase= mRNA is complementary to the gene
  5. Once made, the mRNA molecule moves out of the nucleus and joins with a ribosome in the cytoplasm
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9
Q

PAPER 2

What is Translation

A

Assembling of protein

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10
Q

PAPER 2

Describe the process of Translation

A
  1. Amino acids brought to ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA)
  2. Order in which amino acids are brought to the ribosome matches the order of the codons in mRNA
  3. Part of tRNA’s structure= anticodon=complementary to codon for amino acid
  4. Paring of codon + anticodon = amino acids brought to ribosome in the correct order
  5. Amino acids are joined together by ribosome = makes protein
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11
Q

Definition of restriction enzyme

A

Used to cut DNA at specific sites

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12
Q

Definition of ligase enzymes

A

Used to join pieces of DNA together

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13
Q

How are plasmids and viruses vectors ( things that move something )

A

transfer DNA into a cell

They take up pieces of DNA then insert this recombinant DNA into other cells

(Plasmid = transferred between bacteria 
Virus= insert DNA in organism they infect )
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14
Q

Definition of recombinant DNA

A

2 different bits of DNA stuck together

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15
Q

How can large amounts of insulin be manufactured

A

Manufacuted from genetically modified bacteria that are grown in a fermenter

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16
Q

what does a division of a cell by mitosis produce

A

2 cells that contain identical sets of chromosomes

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17
Q

what does mitosis occur during

A

growth
repair
cloning
asexual reproduction

18
Q

explain the stages of mitosis

A
  1. cells that are not dividing contain long strings of DNA
  2. before cell divides, cell duplicates DNA and forms X- shaped chromosomes
  3. chromosomes line up at centre of cell
  4. cell fibres pull the arms of each chromosome to opposite ends of the cell
  5. membranes form round each of the sets of chromosomes= nuclei of 2 new cells
  6. cytoplasm divides= 2 new genetically identical cells
19
Q

what does a division of a cell by meiosis produce

A

4 cells, each with half the number of chromosomes

= formation of genetically different haploid gametes

20
Q

explain the stages of meiosis

A
  1. before cell divides, cell duplicates DNA and forms X- shaped chromosomes
  2. 1st division= chromosomes line up in their pairs arcos the centre of cell ( 1 chromosome from mother + one from father )
  3. pairs are pulled apart = each new cell only has 1 copy of each chromosome
  4. pulling apart = mixing up mother and fathers chromosomes into new cells = genetic variation
  5. 2nd division = chromosomes line up across centre (again )
  6. arms of chromosomes = pulled apart
  7. = 4 haploid gametes each containing half the original no. of chromosome = genetically different
21
Q

in human cells what is the diploid number of chromosomes

A

46

22
Q

in human cells what is the haploid number of chromosomes

A

23

23
Q

what does random fertilisation produce

A

genetic variation of offspring

24
Q

what can variation within species be

A

genetic
environmental
combination of both

25
Q

PAPER 2

how does a change in DNA effect the phenotype

A

alters the sequence of amino acids in a protein

26
Q

PAPER 2

what effect do most genetic mutations have on the phenotype

A 
no effect
(some have a small effect but rarely do they have a significance)
27
Q

PAPER 2

what can the incidence of mutations be increased by

A 
exposure to ionising radiation (gamma + x-rays)
chemical mutagens ( chemicals in tobacco)
28
Q

explain Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection

Penguins Only Carry Socks Round Corners Every Afternoon

A
  1. Variation in population
  2. organism produce more offspring than can survive
  3. therefore = competition for resources
  4. best adapted to environment= most likely to survive 5. survive= reproduce
  5. reproduce= characteristics passed on to offspring
  6. over many generations= increase in successful characteristics
  7. other characteristics die + no reproduce
  8. evolution= shift in proportion of that characteristics= allelic frequency ( different forms of same gene)
  9. evolution= only happen to species not individual
  10. therefore evolution= long ( thousand years/generations)
  11. DNA is what gets passed down- expressed info as characteristics
29
Q

resistance to antibiotics can increase in what kind of conditions

A

bacterial populations

30
Q

what can an increase in resistance to antibiotics cause

A

infections being difficult to control

31
Q

what alternative forms do genes exist in

A

alleles

32
Q

what do alleles do

A

???give rise to differences in inherited characteristics

33
Q

definition of allele

A

determine our inherited characteristics

34
Q

definition of dominant

A

??? where only dominant allele is expressed- overpowers recessive

35
Q

definition of recessive

A

an allele who’s features eg. blue eyes is only seen when there are 2 copies ( homozygous)

36
Q

definition of homozygous

A

an organism whose alleles for a particular gene are both the same

37
Q

definition of heterozygous

A

an organism with a pair of genes where each is a different allele ( ie. 1 dominant, 1 recessive )

38
Q

definition of phenotype

A

the visible ( as opposed to genetic) characteristics of an organism

39
Q

definition of genotype

A

a name for the full set of genes possessed by an organism

a version of a gene- each version codes for a different phenotype

40
Q

definition of co-dominance

A

both alleles ( characteristics ) are expressed ( 2 different capital letters)

41
Q

what are most phenotypic features the result of

A

polygenic inheritance rather than single genes

42
Q

explain the process of the production of human insulin from genetically modified bacteria

A
  1. DNA = extracted from human cells
  2. Restriction enzymes cut out at specific on the DNA to cut out the insulin gene
  3. Plasmid DNA = extracted from bacteria cells
  4. Same restriction enzymes = cut plasmid DNA
  5. Ligase enzymes stick the human insulin gene into the bacteria plasmid - plasmid = vector
  6. Recombinant plasmid = put into bacteria = transgenic
  7. bacteria ( grown in fermenter ) + reproduce rapidly = make large quantities of human insulin

Biology (14 decks)

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