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Biology > Topic B - Breathing and Gas exchange > Flashcards

Topic B - Breathing and Gas exchange Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 15 parts of the human respiratory system (starting from the top)

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Epiglottis
  4. Larynx
  5. Oesophagus
  6. Trachea
  7. Cartilage
  8. Rib
  9. Intercostal muscle
  10. Bronchus
  11. Bronchiole
  12. Pleural Cavity
  13. Lung
  14. Heart
  15. Diaphragm
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2
Q

Definition of breathing?

A

Physical process
Allows fresh air to be brought into he lungs
Allows used air to move out of the lungs

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3
Q

Definition of gas exchange?

A

Diffusion of oxygen from the alveolar air space into the blood.

Diffusion of carbon dioxide from the blood to alveolar air space

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4
Q

Definition of respiration?

A

It is a chemical reaction
Occurs in ALL cells
Release of energy from food

Glucose + oxygen ——> carbon dioxide+ water+’energy’

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5
Q

Explain gas exchange at the alveolus

A
  1. Blood (from heart + lungs ) with low oxygen and high
    carbon dioxide passes through capillaries
    surrounding alveoli
  2. The air in the alveoli has low concentration of
    carbon dioxide and high concentration of oxygen
  3. Therefore there is a concentration gradient which
    allows - carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the blood
    across wall of alveolus and into the alveolar
    air.
  4. Vies Versa for oxygen
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6
Q

Explain INhalation ( 6 steps)

A
  1. External intercostal muscles CONTRACT make ribs
    move UP and OUT
  2. Diaphragm CONTRACTS and FLATTENS
  3. Volume of thorax INCREASE
  4. Air pressure in thorax DECREASE

5.Air pressure in lung now LOWER than air pressure
outside body

6.Causes air to ENTER LUNGS

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7
Q

Explain EXhalation ( 6 steps )

A
  1. External intercostal muscles RELAX make ribs
    move DOWN
  2. Diaphragm RELAXES and goes back to DOME
    SHAPE
  3. Volume of thorax DECREASE
  4. Air pressure in thorax INCREASE

5.Air pressure in lung now HIGHER than air pressure
outside body

6.Causes air to LEAVES LUNGS

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8
Q

What is the 4 contents of air?

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Carbon dioxide
  3. Nitrogen
  4. Water Vapour
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9
Q

How much oxygen in- inspired air

- expired air

A

inspired= 21%

expired =16%

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10
Q

How much carbon dioxide in- inspired air

- expired air

A

inspired=0.04%

expired=4%

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11
Q

How much nitrogen in- inspired air

- expired air

A

inspired=78%

expired=78%

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12
Q

How much water vapour in- inspired air

- expired air

A

inspired= variable

expired=saturated

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13
Q

Definition of Trachea (windpipe)

A

1st part of breathing system
Treats air before it reaches lungs
Air is warmed, moistened, filtered + cleaned

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14
Q

Definition bronchus

A

2 short tubes that split from trachea

1 bronchus enters each lung

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15
Q

Definition of bronchiole

A

Smaller branches divided from the bronchus

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16
Q

Definition of alveolus (alveoli)

A

Air sacks at ends of bronchiole

Wear gas exchange takes place

17
Q

Definition of cilia

A

Tiny hairs on cells that beat to carry mucus up to nose and throat

18
Q

Definition of diaphragm

A

Sheet of muscle below lungs
Separates thorax from abdomen
Diaphragm + ribs help breathe

19
Q

Definition of pleural membrane

A

Surrounds the lungs and makes a slippery fluid called pleural fluid which holds lungs in place

20
Q

Definition of cartilage

A

Stops trachea from collapsing
Cartilage rings are c-shaped
Connective tissue

21
Q

Definition of thorax

A

Chest- contains lungs surrounded by ribs

- contains respiratory system

22
Q

Definition of haemoglobin

A

Molecule that carries oxygen in red blood cells

23
Q

Definition of capillary

A

Tiniest/ narrowest blood vessels

Gasses diffuses in and out of cell

24
Q

Definition of carbon monoxide

A

Gas which combines with haemoglobin

Stops uptake of oxygen

25
Q

Definition of tar

A

Sticky substance that can cause cancer

26
Q

Definition of carcinogenic

A

Can cause cancer

27
Q

Definition of bronchitis

A

Disease in lungs where there is to much pleural fluid

28
Q

Definition of emphysema

A

Shortness of breath (oxygen)

29
Q

Name 5 substances that harm the body and are effects of cigarette smoking

A 
Nicotine
Carbon monoxide 
Tar
Hydrogen cyanide
Solid particles
30
Q

Definition of nicotine

A

Addictive drug

Effects nervous system

31
Q

Definition of hydrogen cyanide

A

Inhibits action of cilia

Cannot clean away mucus, tar or solid particles

32
Q

Definition of solid particles

A

Irritate alveoli and lining of tubes

Making them more easily attacked by disease causing organisms

33
Q

What are 3 effects of smoking while pregnant

A

Baby 200g lighter at birth
Greater risk of baby dying at birth
Mother produces less milk

Biology (14 decks)

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