Topic H - Human Reproduction

Question 1

definition of sexual reproduction

Answer 1

involves fusion of 2 cells called gametes, which are made of 2 types, male ( sperm ) + (egg)

therefore requires 2 parents male + female

Question 2

definition of asexual reproduction

Answer 2

offspring are genetically identical to parent because simply gets a copy of parents

only requires 1 parent

Question 3

what is the function of the male reproductive system

Answer 3

produce sperm ( male gametes )
deposit sperm in the vagina

Question 4

what is the function of the female reproductive system

Answer 4

produce ova (female gametes )
nurture + protect the developing embryo/foetus

Question 5

where specifically are sperm produced

Answer 5

in the testes by mesiosis

Question 6

how does the sperm adapt to its requirement ( what are the requirements )

Answer 6

need to be at low temperature so the testes hang outside the body in the scrotum ( ball sack )

Question 7

how are the prostate gland and seminal vesicle adapted for the sperm

Answer 7

they produce a liquid called seminal fluid (contains nutrients for energy) in which the sperm are able to swim.

Question 8

what is seminal fluid and sperm together both known as

Answer 8

semen

Question 9

when are sperm released

Answer 9

when a man ejaculates

Question 10

how does the egg prevent more than one sperm entering

Answer 10

release chemicals which alter the cell membrane making it impenetrable for the sperm

Question 11

which female structure filters out only the healthy sperm

Answer 11

cervix

Question 12

what is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle

Answer 12

starts being produced at ovulation
maintains uterus lining by thickening it
prepares the body for pregnancy

Question 13

what is the role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle

Answer 13

repairs uterus lining

high levels stimulate the release of LH=ovulation

Question 14

PAPER 2

what is the role of FSH in the menstrual cycle

Answer 14

cause the development of the follicle which contains the ovum ( egg )

Question 15

PAPER 2

what is the role of LH in the menstrual cycle

Answer 15

cause ovulation ( release of egg)
cause the formation of the corpus luteum

Question 16

what is the role of the plancenta

Answer 16

allows constant exchange of materials between mother and foetus ( both nurtients and waste ) eg. oxygen, urea ,glucose, lipids, amino acids, nerals vitamins, co2

Question 17

what does the placenta contain

Answer 17

both the blood vessels of the mother and foetus

Question 18

what do the blood vessels in the placenta do

Answer 18

they run very close to each other but do not mix ( mother will recognise foetus blood as foreign and will attack it as a virus )

Question 19

how do substances move between mothers blood and foetus’ s blood

Answer 19

by diffusion

Question 20

what essential substances does the foetus need from the mother which it gets through diffusion through the placenta

Answer 20

eg. oxygen, urea ,glucose, lipids, amino acids, minerals vitamins, co2

Question 21

where do the waste products of foetus go

Answer 21

back into mother blood so mother can excrete substance such co2 + urea which the foetus can not do itself

Question 22

what is the embryo protected by

Answer 22

amniotic fluid

Question 23

explain the process fertilisation

Answer 23

involves the fusion of male and female gamete ( egg + sperm ) = zygote = cell division = embryo= cell division = foetus ( child )

Question 24

what is the role oestrogen ( female ) in the development of 2nd sexual characteristics

Answer 24

breast development
hair growth
hips widen
menstruation begins

Question 25

what is the role testosterone ( male ) in the development of 2nd sexual characteristics

Answer 25

voice change
muscle developments
hair growth
producing gametes ( sperm)

Question 26

where is oestrogen and progesterone found

Answer 26

ovaries

Question 27

definition of menstruation

Answer 27

shedding of uterus lining

Question 28

what day does ovulation occur

Answer 28

day 14

Question 29

what is the order of menstrual cycle

Answer 29

menstruation
implantation
ovulation
fertilisation