Topic 9

Question 1

shaping

Answer 1

differential reinforcement of successive approximations of the target behavior until the target behavior is reaches

Question 2

differential reinforcement

Answer 2

• shaping is defined as DR
  one particular behavior is reinforced and others are not
• uses reinforcement and extinction
• behavior is reinforced while the other behaviors go through extinction

Question 3

successive approximations

Answer 3

each consecutive behavior more closely resembles the target behavior in a series of shaping steps (gradual)

Question 4

what is the target behavior in shaping?

Answer 4

novel

Question 5

what are the steps in shaping?

Answer 5

• starting behavior most similar to target is reinforced
• the behavior is extinguished
• extinction burst and novel behaviors
• novel behavior most similar to target is reinforced
• increases in novel behavior

Question 6

shaping “steps”

Answer 6

• advance to next approximation only after current one is mastered
• if advancing too quickly then behavior deteriorates and returns to previous approximation
• gaps too small, shaping will be too time-consuming and expensive and boredome

Question 7

quantitative shaping

Answer 7

setting criteria to increase or decrease dimension of existing behavior

Question 8

dimensions of behavior

Answer 8

• freq
• duration
• intensity
• latency

Question 9

qualitative shaping

Answer 9

• topographic shaping
• degree to which successive behaviors resemble the target behavior

Question 10

studies about shaping diff topographies of behavior

Answer 10

• Wolf: shaping preschooler w disabilities to wear glasses
• Horner: 5 yr old with intellectual disability and tried to get him to walk

Question 11

what is an example of qualitative shaping?

Answer 11

• teaching vocal imitation to child with disabilities
• present S^D
• reinforce vocalization (starting)
• reinforce only vowel-like sounds (intermediate)
• reinforce only exact imitations (target)

Question 12

what has shaping been applied to?

Answer 12

• PT
• classroom behaviors
• animal training

Question 13

how to toilet train cat?

Answer 13

• place litter box near toilet for many days
• raise height of box until same height as toilet
• tape lid up and secure box to seat
• put pan in toilet, under seat and fill with litter
• make hole in center of pan and make it larger gradually
• hole larger and not able to stand in pan and balance on seat
• remove the pan

Question 14

life magazine

Answer 14

• Pliny pulled hanging chain with teeth and caused marble to fall in cage
• Pliny picked up marble and put into slot
• marble closed circuit and food dropped into tray

Question 15

Skinner example of shaping

Answer 15

• Project Pigeon
• taught them how to bowl

Question 16

Look magazine

Answer 16

Skinner shaped Agnes to jump wall and open wastebasket

Question 17

how to use shaping?

Answer 17

• define target behavior
• determine whether shaping is the most appropriate procedure
• identify starting behavior
• choose shaping steps/approximations
• decide what reinforcer to apply
• apply reinforcement to successive approximations and apply extinction to previous approximations
• proceed through shaping steps at appropriate steps

Question 18

what are the limits of shaping?

Answer 18

• time-consuming
• progress is not always linear- erratic
• requires behavior change agent to continuously and closely monitor behavior to detect next approximation
• may inadvertently shape problem behaviors - tantrums (inadvertent reinforcement)

Question 19

how to get a rat to press lever?

Answer 19

The rat moves to the side where the lever is located.

The rat faces the lever.

The rat approaches the lever.

The rat rears up on its hind legs.

The rat makes a movement toward the lever with a paw.

The rat touches the lever.

The rat presses the lever.

Question 20

O’Neill and Gardner (Mrs. F)

Answer 20

• rehab
• target: walk independently
• starting behavior: Mrs.F to go to PT room in wheelchair and gave massage
• going to PT room was reinforced bc of massage
• after a few days therapist asked Mrs. F to stand up parallel bars before massage
• gradually worked to full length of bar
• eventually walked independently and was discharged

Question 21

O’Neill and Gardner (Mrs. S)

Answer 21

• MS
• therapy program for bathroom visits bc she had once been incontinent in public and was worried
• target: wait 2 hours between trips to bathroom
• starting: wait one hour
• met goal for few days and reinforced
• next was to wait 70 min then to 120

Question 22

how can shaping be used?

Answer 22

• generating novel behavior
• reinstating previously exhibited behavior
• changing some dimension of existing behavior

Question 23

Jackson and Wallace

Answer 23

• use shaping to modify dimension of existing behavior
• tried to work with teen girl with mild intellectual disability and socially withdrawn and wanted her to increase volume while speaking

Question 24

Howie and Woods

Answer 24

shaping to increase frequency of spoken words in adults receiving treatment for stuttering
- slowed down rate of speech as learning to speak without stuttering
- once stutter-free then increase rate of speech back to normal

Question 25

Cook et al.

Answer 25

+ and - reinforcement to increase duration of mask wearing in children with autism to protect from COVID
- 20 min as starting then got neg reinforcement and positive (break from mask and money)
- wore for 40 min then 60

Question 26

Schaefer

Answer 26

• shaping 2 rhesus monkeys to develop head-hitting behavior
• food was reinforcer
• shaping could be responsible for development of self-injurious behavior in people with developmental disabilities

Question 27

Rasey and Iversen

Answer 27

• shaping can produce maladaptive behaviors in lab